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Behavior Modification
Published in Eli Ilana, Oral Psychophysiology, 2020
Classical conditioning emphasizes the importance of antecedents — the stimuli that precede behavior.8 Pavlov9 demonstrated the bond between stimulus and response by supplying positive reinforcement to dogs: the way in which an unconditioned stimulus (food) led to an unconditioned response (salivation). He observed that the unconditioned response often occurs in response to other stimuli temporarily associated with the unconditioned stimulus (sound of a bell). From this, he made the observation that a conditioned stimulus (the bell sound) could lead to the same physiological result (salivation), but this time as a learned, conditioned response.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Published in Laeth Sari Nasir, Arwa K Abdul-Haq, Caring for Arab Patients, 2018
Eyad El-Sarraj, Taysir Diab, Abdel Aziz Thabet
The behavioral aspect of PTSD emphasizes two phases in its development. First, the trauma (the unconditioned stimulus) that produces a fear response is paired, through classical conditioning, with a conditioned stimulus (physical or mental reminders of the trauma, such as sights, smells or sounds). Second, through instrumental learning, the conditioned stimuli elicit the fear response independent of the original unconditioned stimulus, and persons develop a pattern of avoiding both the conditioned and the unconditioned stimuli. Some persons may also inadvertently receive secondary gain due to the condition, including monetary compensation, increased attention and the fulfillment of dependency needs. This reinforces the disorder and leads to its persistence.
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 4: Questions
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Which of the following is true regarding higher-order conditioning? The onset of the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus, and the conditioned stimulus continues until the response occurs.The onset of both stimuli is simultaneous, and the conditioned stimulus continues until the response occurs.The conditioned stimulus ends before the onset of the unconditioned stimulus, and the conditioning becomes less effective as the delay between the two increases.The presentation of the conditioned stimulus occurs only after that of the unconditioned stimulus.The conditioned stimulus is paired with a second conditioned stimulus, which, on presentation, by itself elicits the original conditioned response.
On Terms within Organizational Behavior Management
Published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2023
Douglas A. Johnson, Rachael Ferguson
One of the most basic types of relations between stimuli and responses are respondent relations. Respondent conditioning is sometimes overlooked in OBM and often neglected in textbooks, yet it can still play an important role in many organizational situations. Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is an example; an environmental event causes multiple physiological changes including increased heart rate, directed blood flow to skeletal muscles, and other activities to increase arousal and energy generation (Poling & Braatz, 2001). This physiological syndrome can occur as an unconditioned response to life-threatening or intense stimuli or as a conditioned response due to other stimuli being regularly paired with such events. Such respondent conditioning underlies emotional reactions, anxiety, and affective behaviors of employees, which some cite as the greatest problems for managers (Scott & Podsakoff, 1985). In the realm of safety, another example of respondent conditioning is seen with habituation (in which chronic exposure to an unconditioned stimulus weakens typically elicited responses). Persistent alarms result in weakening startle responses and ultimately a failure to attend to dangerous threats (Lebbon & Sigurdsson, 2017).
CNS serotonin content mediating food deprivation-enhanced learning is regulated by hemolymph tryptophan concentration and autophagic flux in the pond snail
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Yuki Totani, Junko Nakai, Dai Hatakeyama, Varvara E. Dyakonova, Ken Lukowiak, Etsuro Ito
The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is a good model animal for studying changes in nutritional status. The snail can learn and form conditioned taste aversion (CTA) memory [12–14]. CTA is formed when an animal associates the taste of a specific food with a toxic substance, and is thought to be an adaptive survival mechanism to avoid toxic substances before they cause harm [15]. In the case of snails, CTA is established by associating an appetitive stimulus (e.g. sucrose solution) with an aversive stimulus (e.g. KCl solution or electric shock). The appetitive stimulus is a conditioned stimulus (CS), and the aversive stimulus is an unconditioned stimulus (US). Repeated presentation of the CS followed by the US leads to the formation of CTA memory and suppresses CS-induced feeding behavior (Figure 1(A)) [16].
What is the role of placebo in neurotherapeutics?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Elisa Frisaldi, Aziz Shaibani, Marco Trucco, Edoardo Milano, Fabrizio Benedetti
This theory posits the placebo/nocebo effect as the result of Pavlovian conditioning [1]. In this process, the repeated co-occurrence of an unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivation after the sight of food) with a conditioned stimulus (e.g. a bell ringing) induces a conditioned response (i.e. salivation that is induced by bell ringing alone). Likewise, aspects of the clinical setting (e.g. taste, color, shape of a pill, as well as white coats or the peculiar hospital smell; see Figure 1) can also act as conditioned stimuli, eliciting a therapeutic response in the absence of an active principle, just because they have been paired with it in the past. In the same way, the conditioned response can be a negative outcome, as in the case of nausea elicited by the sight of the environment where chemotherapy has been administered in the past. Classical conditioning seems to work best where unconscious processes are at play, as in placebo/nocebo effects involving endocrine or immune systems, but it has also been documented in clinical and experimental placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia.