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Exploring the types and manifestation of disorders
Published in Jane Hanley, Mark Williams, Fathers and Perinatal Mental Health, 2019
There are several types of anxiety. Social phobia is common. This usually starts in adolescence but the causes are vague. The father may dislike the notion that he is being analysed and assessed by people, particularly within small groups. This engenders his anxious symptoms, and the preference is to avoid social gatherings rather than be subjected to scrutiny of the group. The avoidance may be discreet, by shunning public events, or diffuse, by being selective about with whom and where he socialises. It is often associated with the father having low esteem or having a significant fear of criticism. It is thought the exposure to images and faces produces extra activity in the amygdala. Hence the information is processed through a layer of fear. In some cases, the enormity of the emotions felt may lead to a panic attack.
Anxiety and somatoform disorders
Published in Laeth Sari Nasir, Arwa K Abdul-Haq, Caring for Arab Patients, 2018
Brigitte Khoury, Michel R Khoury, Laeth S Nasir
Individuals with social phobia have a marked and persistent fear of social situations (such as initiating a conversation, attending social functions, eating in public) or performance (public speaking, small group involvement, attending classes), where they feel that they may be under scrutiny from others. It is often associated with low self-esteem and fear of criticism. Frequently these patients avoid coming to medical attention, and may be brought in by family members. They often exhibit symptoms of autonomic arousal such as shakiness or tension, blushing, sweating, and tremulousness of the voice.
Anxious Patient in the Emergency Ward
Published in R. Thara, Lakshmi Vijayakumar, Emergencies in Psychiatry in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2017
Janardhanan C. Narayanaswamy, Y.C. Janardhan Reddy
Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. Its onset is usually during childhood or adolescence. The typical feature of social phobia is a marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance-related situations, in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others (American Psychiatric Association 2013). The individual fears that he or she will act in a way (or show anxiety symptoms) that will be humiliating or embarrassing. The person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable. Exposure to the feared social situation almost invariably provokes anxiety, which may take the form of a panic attack. The person avoids the feared social or performance-related situations or endures them with intense anxiety or distress. Social phobia is of two subtypes – generalized and non-generalized/circumscribed. In the generalized type, the person experiences anxiety during most social situations or avoids these situations. In the circumscribed type, anxiety occurs only in specific social situations (e.g. public speaking) (American Psychiatric Association 2013; Schneier 2006). Social anxiety disorder differs from shyness and performance anxiety in that its severity, pervasiveness, and the resultant distress and impairment are greater. Persons with social anxiety disorder may avoid important activities, such as attending classes and meetings, or attend them but avoid active participation. Anticipatory anxiety is common.
The effect of social phobia and peer pressure on substance use among adolescents
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2023
Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, is an intense fear of becoming humiliated in social situations and is accompanied by behavioral, somatic, and psychological symptoms causing considerable losses in functionality. Stein’s study (2017) is stated that the incidence of social phobia was 4% according to the World Health Survey (2008)., Adolescents place much importance on what their peers think about them. Each peer group has its own unwritten rules which define how its members interact with each other. Adolescents yearn to belong to a peer group which would accept them for who they are and help them make friends and develop collaboration and leadership skills, which are some of the developmental tasks of adolescence. Peer pressure can be defined as “any attempt by one or more peers to compel an individual to follow in the decisions or behaviours favoured by the pressuring individual or group.” Peer pressure may sometimes lead adolescents to harmful behavior (Esen, 2002; Ngee Sim & Fen, 2003), such as substance use (Studer et al., 2016).
New frontiers in the pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder in adults: an up-to-date comprehensive overview
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Alice Caldiroli, Enrico Capuzzi, Ilaria Tagliabue, Luisa Ledda, Massimo Clerici, Massimiliano Buoli
In the 1990s, there was increasing evidence of partial overlap between anxiety and mood disorders in terms of neurobiological mechanisms. The serotonergic system was identified as a common substrate for these two types of disorders, particularly in its role in regulating emotions in the amygdala [54]. Strong evidence of the efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of social phobia supports the existence of biological overlaps between depression and anxiety. In fact, some antidepressants are considered first-line treatments for SAD, especially SSRIs such as escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline [15,60], and the SNRI venlafaxine [60]. In contrast, antidepressants are associated with significant adverse reactions, thus leading to poor compliance, and approximately 20–50% of patients with SAD do not respond to SSRIs/SNRIs [61,62]. In addition, non-pharmacological approaches, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, are less effective in patients affected by SAD than in those with other anxiety disorders, such as GAD [63].
An Interdisciplinary Intervention for Fear of Falling: Lessons Learned from Two Case Studies
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2018
James B. Robinson, Julie Loebach Wetherell
These cases highlight the importance of several components of the intervention which appeared to be primary components of change. First, active engagement in exposure activities was of utmost importance, as is documented in the treatment of other specific phobias (Wolitzky-Taylor, Horowitz, Powers, & Telch, 2008). Though others have shown similar or even greater efficacy of cognitive-based interventions in the treatment of social phobia and other anxiety-disorders (Ougrin, 2011), this was not the case in the current sample. As was seen in the case of Kevin, cognitive interventions were discontinued due to poor progress in cognitive restructuring efforts, and yet outcomes between cases did not appear to be significantly different. Thus, cognitive components of therapy may be additive in some cases, especially when considering motivational issues; however, these components are likely neither necessary nor sufficient.