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Is Risk for Alcoholism Predictable?
Published in Edith S. Lisansky Gomberg, Current Issues in Alcohol/Drug Studies, 2019
The other study is McCord’s Cambridge-Somerville project. Her 1988 paper does not explicitly focus on issues of risk amelioration, but the study’s findings concerning pathways leading into alcoholism, are interpretable in the obverse direction as protective factors. Shyness in childhood (circa age 10) is a protective factor; so also is coming from a home without an alcoholic father. But most importantly, this study shows that pathways into (and out of risk) are different for children who have an alcoholic father as compared to those who do not. For the former, mother’s low esteem for her alcoholic husband is a protection; for the latter, a different set of issues appears central, namely, mother’s high control over her son during adolescence appears to be more salient as a protection against the son’s later becoming alcoholic.
Anxiety and somatoform disorders
Published in Laeth Sari Nasir, Arwa K Abdul-Haq, Caring for Arab Patients, 2018
Brigitte Khoury, Michel R Khoury, Laeth S Nasir
Most patients with social phobia have a long history of shyness, often dating to childhood. Some data suggest that there is a strong heritable component.10 Sometimes the history dates back to a particularly humiliating event. Social phobia may worsen with time. Self-medication is common, with sufferers often resorting to substances such as alcohol to reduce their anxiety prior to social situations. Studies from Saudi Arabia suggest that co-morbid depression is common.11,12 Individuals with social anxiety are often under-diagnosed. However, the clinician should remember that if the patient does not have interference in his or her social or occupational functioning, by definition, he or she does not have a “disorder”. Arab culture plays a significant role in ameliorating the impact of this condition, wherein close individual support and protection available from family and friends helps to decrease or eliminate psychological distress in these individuals by facilitating many important social functions. For example, among people with social phobia, family assistance in meeting a potential spouse helps to compensate for their lack of social ability. Additionally, women with social anxiety are often perceived to be shy and gentle, which is appreciated and desired as a feminine trait within Arab culture. Hence their problem may go unnoticed until they are faced with more social obligations and demands, at which time they may decide to seek help.
Fostering social support and skills
Published in Cate Howell, Keeping the Blues Away, 2018
Look back at the role of beliefs in our thinking (Step 5 ). A belief in needing approval from everyone can be a barrier to being assertive. Shyness or a problem with social anxiety (Step 1 ) can also be a barrier to speaking out.
Personality diversity in the workplace: A systematic literature review on introversion
Published in Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 2023
Juliet Herbert, Leticia Ferri, Brenda Hernandez, Isaias Zamarripa, Kimberly Hofer, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Iryna Shnitsar, Kald Abdallah
In light of these various strategies, one key theme was described by all studies unanimously. Individual differences influence how people excel in the workplace, and managers and organizations should recognize and account for these differences when assigning tasks, creating teams, and establishing work environments aimed to increase productivity and innovation. Furthermore, there is evidence that suggests those who have less emotional stability (e.g., ability to cope with stress) or those with low self-efficacy could benefit from social support in the workplace (Yao et al., 2018). Offering social support to all employees may allow those who self-identify with modern characteristics of introversion (i.e., drawing energy from “quiet” practices) to be more aware and confident in using such services. Allowing for self-identification of optimal work preferences and processes may be the first step in identifying new strategies to increase inclusivity. Employees who have space to identify their strengths and to determine how their productivity and innovation can be naturally leveraged, might then be able to communicate their needs. It should not be assumed that they will be unable to offer this feedback. Shyness, which has been stereotypically considered a key “introvert” characteristic, is actually a different construct altogether and research has been conducted to attempt to tease out these differences (Jones, Schulkin, & Schmidt, 2014).
Social functioning and its association with accompanying psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Published in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2019
Bilge Merve Kalaycı, Kevser Nalbant, Devrim Akdemir, Sinem Akgül, Nuray Kanbur
The results of this study showed that female adolescents with AN had a higher level of submissive behaviours, a sense of inadequacy and negative self-perceptions in their social relationships, however, their level of shyness was not significantly different from the healthy control group. It has been reported that adult patients with AN have more negative cognitions in their social relationships [34], present submissive behaviours [35], find themselves socially less sufficient [36,37], and have a high level of social anxiety [38], similar to the results of this study. These results reveal that such problems in social functions might be important in the development and/or continuity of AN. Shyness has also been identified as a precursor of EDs in clinical and community-based studies [39–41]. Adult patients with EDs have a higher level of shyness than both healthy individuals and those with other psychopathologies [42–44]. The opinion that others have negative thoughts about himself/herself (external shyness) and shy temperament features are reported at a higher rate in patients with EDs when compared to healthy controls [36]. Although the level of shyness was found to be higher in adolescents with AN than in the healthy control group in our study as we hypothesized, the difference between the two groups did not reach a statistically significant level. The sense of shyness is sometimes accepted as a virtue culturally in our society, which could explain why shyness was excessive in healthy individuals.
Shyness, social anxiety, social anxiety disorder, and substance use among normative adolescent populations: A systematic review
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2019
Alexandre Lemyre, Audrey Gauthier-Légaré, Richard E. Bélanger
Shyness, social anxiety, and SAD are similar and related constructs. Shyness has been defined as “the propensity to respond with heightened anxiety, self-consciousness, and reticence in a variety of social contexts” (3, p. 630). In the United States, 43% of adolescent males and 50% of adolescent females report being shy (4). Social anxiety has been defined as “a constellation of cognitive and affective experiences that result from the prospect of interpersonal evaluation in real or imagined social situations” (5, p. 665). Finally, SAD, which involves severe social anxiety, has been defined by the American Psychiatric Association (6) as a “marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others” (p. 202). In the case of SAD, social situations are tolerated with intense discomfort or otherwise avoided (6). In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of SAD for adolescents aged between 13 and 17 years is 6.2% in males and 11.2% in females (7). Studies (4,8,9) have consistently found that shy adolescents and young adults present a greater risk of experiencing a SAD.