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Face Addiction
Published in Sandra Rasmussen, Developing Competencies for Recovery, 2023
According to the report, repeated use of alcohol, other drugs, or addicting behaviors “hijacks” the brain, changing the normal functions of brain circuits involved in pleasure (the reward systems), learning, stress, decision making, and self-control. Three main circuits in the brain are involved in addiction: the basal ganglia, extended amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Use (intoxication) produces a surge of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the region of the brain called the basal ganglia and people feel pleasure. With repeated use, the brain associates the rewarding high with cues in the individual’s life: persons, places, and things. The extended amygdala controls our stress response. Withdrawal is the distress people experience when they are not using. Use is the only way “to spell relief.” The pre-frontal cortex governs decision-making, judgment, and impulse control. However, the prefrontal cortex is disrupted in individuals with addiction. Craving is the preoccupation with anticipation of reward from drinking, using, gambling, or other addictive behavior. Self-control is compromised; cues dominate, and people return to active addiction. This is relapse. The intensity of symptoms and progression vary; a person may go through the cycle over months, weeks, or several times a day. As the cycle continues, addiction severity increases with greater physical and psychological harm. See Figure 2.1 areas of the human brain that are especially important in addiction from Facing Addiction in America, pp. 2–5.
Justice, Ethics, and Peacemaking
Published in Michael C. Braswell, Belinda R. McCarthy, Bernard J. McCarthy, Justice, Crime, and Ethics, 2019
Michael C. Braswell, Lana A. McDowell
Recall that Taoism teaches us to return to a more natural state, a state in which we are not controlled by the artificial modes of thought that have been inculcated into us by society. The practice of meditation can teach us to control and still those modes of thought. By freeing ourselves from conventional ways of thinking, we return to a more natural state, a more connected and caring state. Meditation can lead to a greater sense of self-control, because most of us stay preoccupied with thoughts of things to do or things left undone.
The social roots of sport’s concussion crisis
Published in Dominic Malcolm, The Concussion Crisis in Sport, 2019
Consequently, people are increasingly expected to be ‘autonomous, directed at self-improvement, self-regulated, desirous of self-knowledge’ (Lupton 1995: 11). The ‘civilized body’ (Elias 2000) is increasingly able to exert a high degree of control over emotions, monitor the behaviour of others, and internalize ideas about appropriate/desirable behaviour and body shape. Health, then, is not merely about self-management but reveals the more fundamental, internalized drive for self-control. It is in this context that health becomes increasingly intertwined, if not synonymous, with fitness (Glassner 1990; Bauman, 2000). People exercise to control/shape their bodies and the physical consequences of this ‘work’ are interpreted as an indication of good health/bodily self-management and control. We return to these issues in our later discussion of sport-related social changes, but for now it is important to note that what makes these ideas so pertinent to sport’s concussion crisis is that the logical extrapolation of a holistic conception of health (physical, mental, social) which rests on the desire to rationalize the body (actions, emotions) leads us directly to the growing social prominence of brain health and neuroscience.
Illness perception and quality of life in patients with migraine and tension-type headache
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Mustafa Acikgoz, Bilge Piri Cinar, Ulufer Celebi, Esra Aciman Demirel, Burcu Karpuz Seren, Hüseyin Tugrul Atasoy
Anxiety symptoms increase when uncontrollable and unpredictable events increase in the individual’s environment. In a study in China, it was observed that negative disease outcomes, including depression, decreased as patients with novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) gained more information about the disease [24]. In our study, treatment control and personal control of people who understood the disease were high, while the duration and severity of headache, disease symptoms and depression-anxiety levels were low. In a study conducted with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, it was observed that they understood their disease better and had a better quality of life by using more proactive coping strategies [25]. Understanding the disease and using coping strategies correctly both reduce psychiatric comorbidities and disease symptoms and improve quality of life. In another study, the illness perception in patients with eating disorders was examined, and it was observed that the self-direction was the feature best associated with the illness perception [13]. This encourages self-control to make decisions and to play an active role in one’s health care. These results support the use of some interventions to identify strategies to successfully achieve treatment goal.
Moving beyond Inhibition: Capturing a Broader Scope of the Self-Control Construct with the Self-Control Strategy Scale (SCSS)
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2021
Maayan Katzir, Matthew Baldwin, Kaitlyn M. Werner, Wilhelm Hofmann
Self-control is a core aspect of human functioning that has been linked to many important life outcomes, including healthy eating, greater marital satisfaction, better income and savings, academic achievement, and increased work performance (Duckworth & Seligman, 2005; Hofmann et al., 2008, 2014; Mischel et al., 1988; Moffitt et al., 2011; Tangney et al., 2004). Past research adopted the view of self-control as an ability, relating it to effortful inhibition (de Ridder et al., 2012; Milyavskaya & Inzlicht, 2018; Tangney et al., 2004) but also to other executive functions (Hofmann et al., 2012). Interventions for improving self-control (and executive functions) has been focused on improving this ability, yet training it found very small effects, if any at all (Friese et al., 2017; Kassai et al., 2019; Sala & Gobet, 2019).
The Shackles of Fear: A Moderated Mediation Model of How Fear of Aging May Increase Older Adults’ Vulnerability to Fraud
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2021
Jingjin Shao, Hang Yang, Xu Lei, Jiamei Li, Qianhan Zhang
Although fear of aging is typically considered as a risk factor for an individual’s vulnerability to fraud, not all older adults are equally influenced by fear of aging and become scam victims after they are targeted by perpetrators (Pinsker & McFarland, 2010; Titus & Gover, 2001). This heterogeneity may be contingent upon certain traits that moderate the impact of fear of aging on an individual’s vulnerability to fraud, such as self-control. Self-control refers to the ability to monitor, inhibit, persevere and adapt one’s emotions, behavior, thoughts and desires in order to achieve a certain goal (Duckworth, 2011). As an important protective factor, self-control may attenuate the adverse impact of fear of aging on an individual’s intolerance of uncertainty, because individuals with high level of self-control typically show better emotional regulation, moral development, and adjustment (Eisenberg, Smith, & Spinrad, 2011). In contrast, individuals with a low level of self-control are more likely to enjoy immediate gratification and be seduced by short-term interests (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1993). Thus, we may speculate that older adults with higher self-control, when exposed to fraud situations, were less likely to be affected by fear of aging, and may have lower risk of experiencing intolerable uncertainty; thus, the adverse effect of fear of aging on fraud risk via intolerance of uncertainty may be greatly reduced or disappear.