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Learning Engineering Applies the Learning Sciences
Published in Jim Goodell, Janet Kolodner, Learning Engineering Toolkit, 2023
Jim Goodell, Janet Kolodner, Aaron Kessler
Kai has had some difficulty in the early grades. The policy and culture of the school tends to support a teach-to-the-middle approach; it doesn’t optimize the learning experiences based on the learner variability, and Kai isn’t an average student. His abilities and disabilities don’t fit the teach-to-the-middle approach. He takes longer to do writing assignments and is a slow reader. He developed faster than his peers in other areas such as executive function, deeper understanding of mathematics concepts, and critical thinking, but the grading system didn’t reflect those abilities. Executive function is the group of complex mental processes and cognitive abilities needed for goal-directed behavior.18
Diminished Decision-Making Capacity
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
The frontal lobe of the brain, located behind your forehead, is arguably the most human part of your body. Not only does it contribute to consciousness, but it also plays a major role in executive functions. Executive functions are processes that your brain does that assist you in controlling your own behavior, such as planning ahead and switching between tasks. There are general terms that apply to many kinds of damage to these executive functions, such as dysexecutive syndrome or frontal lobe syndrome, but those terms are not very useful for describing a person's specific problems, because the frontal lobe contributes to many different behaviors (Schneider & Koenigs, 2017). So, let's look a little closer.
Lifestyle Medicine and Brain Health
Published in James M. Rippe, Manual of Lifestyle Medicine, 2021
Multiple studies have shown that levels of physical activity are strongly related to cognitive health outcomes (2,4). There is strong evidence that acute responses to vigorous physical activity yield transient benefits for various domains of cognition such as memory, processing speed, and executive control. These findings are particularly true in children and older adults. There is also evidence for chronic effects of moderate and vigorous physical activity, particularly in individuals over the age of 50, related to improved cognition. There is further evidence that physical activity can improve diminished cognition related to such diseases as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke (4). The most dramatic improvements in cognitive function associated with physical activity have been shown to involve executive function. Multiple studies supporting the relationship between physical activity and improved cognition have been summarized in the PAGA 2018 Scientific Report.
Executive functions mediate the association between alcohol use and declarative memory symptoms in daily life
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
David P. Sheppard, Anastasia Matchanova, Sylvie Naar, Angulique Y. Outlaw, Sharon L. Nichols, Erin E. Morgan, Steven Paul Woods
Despite these limitations, present findings highlight important mechanistic explanations for cognitive dysfunction that may inform potential interventions. Specifically, current findings indicate that by interventions aimed at improving memory and cognition may consider targeting executive function strategies. Examples of such interventions include emphasizing organizational or elaborative encoding strategies to address memory dysfunction (Taconnat et al., 2010). For example, a previous intervention study by Pennar et al. (2018) utilized an intervention that promoted targeted organization strategies and visualization techniques in young PLWH in order to specifically improve prospective memory for health behaviors, and this also resulted in improved viral load and participant resilience (Pennar et al., 2018). Together, the current study highlights that existing cognitive interventions for executive functions may be especially important for individuals who demonstrate memory difficulties in the context of alcohol use.
Inhibition skills in children with developmental coordination disorder
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2023
Teresa Joyce, Serena Vanzan, Nichola Stuart, Anna Barnett
Evidence of Executive Function (EF) difficulties have been reported in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Willcutt et al., 2005), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (Demetriou et al., 2018), and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) (Blank et al., 2019; P. H. Wilson et al., 2017). However, heterogeneity of performance on EF tasks has been noted both within and across these disorders (Leonard & Hill, 2015; Vaidya et al., 2020). The complexity of EF and the measurement challenges contribute to this heterogeneity. EF is a multifaceted construct consisting of separate domains which share underlying commonality (Miyake et al., 2000). Although different components have been described, the most commonly cited domains are Working Memory, Cognitive Flexibility, and Inhibition (Diamond, 2013).
Neuropsychological Disorders in Moderate Hyperphenylalaninemia: Literature Review
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2023
L. Paermentier, A. Cano, B. Chabrol, A. Roy
In early treated patients, although the neurological outcome is good, various studies carried out in recent years have revealedsuboptimal development, with an intelligence quotient (IQ) significantly below of the general population (Berry, O’Grady, Perlmutter, & Bofinger, 1979; Enns et al., 2010; Huijbregts et al., 2002). Neuropsychological disorders have also been noted, most commonly affecting executive functions (EFs) (Huijbregts, Gassio, & Campistol, 2013; Janos, Grange, Steiner, & White, 2012; Welsh, Pennington, Ozonoff, Rouse, & McCabe, 1990). A sustained decrease in attention and a reduction in processing speed are also commonly seen (Huijbregts et al., 2002; van Spronsen, Huijbregts, Bosch, & Leuzzi, 2011). These disorders can be explained by a reduction in dopaminergic and serotoninergic synthesis (Diamond, Prevor, Callender, & Druin, 1997), as well as by impaired production and maintenance of myelin (Anderson & Leuzzi, 2010). PKU therefore seems to be characterized by disruption of the development of the frontal subcortical networks and/or their connections with the rest of the brain.