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Mental Health in Lifestyle Medicine
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
One of the most effective and accessible ways to improve health, reduce symptoms, and increase function in people with mental illness is to increase physical activity. Regular physical activity improves physical performance, promotes sleep, and reduces the risk for multiple chronic health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and depression (Kramer, 2020). Exercise has multiple beneficial effects on the brain. It improves both executive and global functioning in adults, increases cognitive flexibility and reduces impulsivity and inattention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and improves cognitive function, processing speed, memory, and executive functions, which are often impaired in people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (Caponnetto et al., 2021). Exercise has also been shown, in healthy individuals, to increase blood flow to the hippocampus and increase hippocampal volume, stimulate the growth and development of brain cells, modulate synaptic plasticity, and increase the secretion of growth factors such as BDNF (et al., 2011) and orexin-A (Chieffi et al., 2017) that help to optimize brain function and regulate mood.
Traditional Malay Ulam for Healthy Ageing
Published in Goh Cheng Soon, Gerard Bodeker, Kishan Kariippanon, Healthy Ageing in Asia, 2022
Jamia Azdina Jamal, Khairana Husain
Dementia is a disorder characterized by a decrease in memory, thinking, behaviour and ability to perform daily activities (WHO 2020). The most common form of dementia is neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease, followed by vascular dementia which is caused by reduced blood supply to the brain due to hypertension and atherosclerosis. A cross-sectional study that conveniently sampled elderly adults from low-income families who are more likely to have cognitive decline showed a positive correlation between consuming ulam and working memory and cognitive flexibility (You et al. 2019). Eating at least one serving of ulam per day improves nutritional status, mood and cognitive abilities (You et al. 2020).
Using Cognitive Flexibility Hypertext to Develop Sexual Harassment Cases
Published in Cleborne D. Maddux, D. LaMont Johnson, The Web in Higher Education: Assessing the Impact and Fulfilling the Potential, 2021
Douglas M. Harvey, Veronica M. Godshalk, William D. Milheim
This differs in some important respects from the common use of a single, large case study. Specifically, the use of cognitive flexibility suggests the following: A need for multiple case studies to insure that a variety of possible situations are presented.A focus on cross-case differences in how concepts and principles are applied. The use of concepts that are connected and applied across case scenarios as opposed to their presentation in a single case scenario.
Profiling planning skills and cognitive flexibility of adults with autism spectrum disorders: Preliminary results from an exploratory service-based study
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
Rita Di Sarro, Anna Di Santantonio, Lorenzo Desideri, Niccolò Varrucciu
In contrast, the participants involved in the current study did not demonstrate impairment in any of the indicators considered in the WCST. This result is particularly surprising for what concerns perseverative errors and answers, for which evidence routinely shows poorer performance in individuals with ASD compared to a non-clinical population (Landry and Al-Taie, 2016). Our results may be explained in light of the recent meta-analysis by Landry and Al-Taie (2016) that showed a decrease in the number of perseverations (including both errors and answers) as age increases. It may be thus hypothesized that, in adults with ASD without intellectual disability, it may be expected to observe a performance closer to typical adults as in the present study. With this respect, larger samples may be needed to observe deficits in cognitive flexibility in an adult population assessed with the WCST. Notably, however, in keeping with available evidence on neurocognitive aging in neurotypical populations (Reuter-Lorenz et al., 2016), in our sample we observed a marked decline in performance associated with chronological age, with poorer performance towards middle-age. This result may suggest common neurocognitive patterns of age-related cognitive decline in neurotypical and ASD populations. As a matter of further inquiry it would be important to test whether such age-related decline in cognitive flexibility here observed could be also due to the fact that adults with ASD rely less on compensatory strategies at later ages compared to younger ages.
A meta-analysis of executive functions among survivors of subarachnoid haemorrhage
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
Mary-Kate Burke, F. Colin Wilson, David B. Curran, Martin Dempster
In this review, Cognitive Flexibility was defined as the ability to switch between mental strategies or sets. Collectively this domain encompassed both verbal fluency tests and more general cognitive flexibility measures. This domain was assessed by set shifting tasks such as Wisconsin (Bowden et al., 1998) and Modified Card Sorting Test (Nelson, 1976), computer-based set shifting tests (da Costa et al. 2018) and the CANTAB set shifting task (Tucha et al., 2012). Results demonstrated statistical significance and a moderate effect size (k = 8, G = −0.76; 95% confidence interval [−0.97; −0.56]; p < 0.01), suggesting SAH individuals performed comparatively worse. Heterogeneity was moderate across included studies (I2 = 39.58%). When cognitive flexibility measures were considered independently from verbal fluency scores, results generated a large effect size (k = 5, G = −0.87; CI at 95% [1.16; −0.58]). Heterogeneity of scores was found to be small (I2 = 15.35%).
Executive functions in aphasia: A novel aphasia screening for cognitive flexibility in everyday communication
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2020
L. Spitzer, F. Binkofski, K. Willmes, S. Bruehl
“Executive functions” is an umbrella term comprising different psychological functions like inhibition and cognitive flexibility (Fridriksson, Nettles, Davis, Morrow, & Montgomery, 2006). These functions are general control mechanisms (Smith, Jostmann, Galinsky, & Van Dijk, 2008) necessary for goal-directed planning, for finding and maintaining problem-solving strategies, and for adapting these strategies quickly and flexibly to novel everyday situations. Depending on the everyday situation with its particular demands, specific executive functions are required, as shown by the review of Diamond (2013). The course of everyday communication is not predictable, requiring the conversational partner to act and to respond in a very flexible manner, for example, when the topic changes (Chiou & Kennedy, 2009; Frankel, Penn, & Ormond-Brown, 2007), when a conversational partner wants to change to alternative communication (Beckley et al., 2013; Chiou & Kennedy, 2009), or when responding to misunderstandings requires circumlocutions (Hernández-Sacristán, Rosell-Clari, Serra-Alegre, & Quiles-Climent, 2012). For all those situations, cognitive flexibility is particularly relevant, i.e., the ability to update behaviour quickly and flexibly in a changing environment (Diamond, 2013). Other executive functions, like working memory, are closely related to cognitive flexibility, for example, when different topics need to be maintained and manipulated in working memory.