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Scales Used in Depression and Anxiety Research
Published in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen, Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
The Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) [82] was developed to determine the severity of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia and to monitor treatment efficacy in psychotherapy and drug treatments. The scale has 13 items and is divided into five subscores (panic attacks, agoraphobic avoidance, anticipatory anxiety, restriction of activities and quality of life, and worries about health). The scale is also available as a self-rating version, which consists of identical questions. The test-retest reliability of the observer-rated version is r = 0.73. Both the observer-rated and self-rated version have satisfactory validity.
Can regular physical exercise be a treatment for panic disorder? A systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Sergio Machado, George Telles, Franklin Magalhaes, Diogo Teixeira, Sandra Amatriain-Fernández, Henning Budde, Claudio Imperatori, Eric Murillo-Rodriguez, Diogo Monteiro, Diogo Telles Correia, Alberto Souza Sá Filho
Diagnostic procedures were quite consistent across studies, with every trial using some version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). However, some authors cross-validated the diagnosis with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Every trial also used some validated clinical interview, with 6 studies using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM and three trials using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). PD severity was not reported by three of the studies [13,18,36], as one trial did not use any sort of standardized procedures to report severity [12]. However, the remaining trials reported symptom severity at baseline using the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS), with average values from each group ranging from 20.5 to 29.4, suggesting moderate panic-related symptoms in the studied groups. It was also important to note that only three studies [36] reported illness duration, a factor that may play a role in treatment response. Finally, there were two different approaches to medication intake before and during the trial. There were two studies in which participants had to stop the medication before starting the trial [17,20]. Other authors chose to allow for medication intake during the trial (mainly antidepressants), but the participants could not change medication until they finished the intervention period [11,12]. The remaining three trials did not provide information regarding the medication of patients with PD.
Patients’ characteristics and their influence on course of fear during agoraphobic symptom provocation: may SS(N)RI treatment compensate unfavorable individual preconditions?
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2018
Jens Plag, Moritz B. Petzold, Johanna Gechter, Carolin Liebscher, Andreas Ströhle
At T1 and T2, the Mobility Inventory (MI) [41], the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) [42] and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [43] were applied to characterize patients with regards to severity of AG, PD and depression. Moreover, anxiety sensitivity was also assessed at both time points via the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) [44]. Although anxiety sensitivity is generally considered as trait marker related to the risk for developing anxiety disorders, several former trials demonstrated its changeability by specific interventions such as pharmacotherapy, medication or exercise, e.g. [27,45]. To further investigate changes in unspecific symptoms of anxiety and global functioning, HAMA and CGI (initially used to verify the inclusion criteria) were also performed at T2. Since accentuated personality traits and dysfunctional beliefs have shown to be confounders of therapeutic outcome [7,46], the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) [47] was used to determine dimensions of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experiences, agreeableness and conscientiousness at T1.
Separation Anxiety Disorder in Panic Disorder Patients with and without Comorbid Agoraphobia
Published in Psychiatry, 2021
Bilge Dogan, Oktay Kocabas, Doga Sevincok, Cansu Baygin, Cagdas Oyku Memis, Levent Sevincok
The severity of PD was evaluated using the self-rating format of the Turkish version (Tural et al., 2000) of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) (Bandelow, 1995). PAS includes 13 items based on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = no symptoms, and 4 = highest symptom severity) and contains 5 subscales related to panic attacks (three items on frequency, severity, and duration), agoraphobia (three items on frequency, number, and relevance of situations), anticipatory anxiety (two items on frequency and severity), disability (three items on family, social relationships, and employment), and worries about health (two items on worries about health and an organic disease). In Turkish form, Cronbach’s α indicated a high level of internal consistency and homogeneity of item scores with the total score for PAS (α = 0.86). There was a high correlation between two raters (r = 0.88, p < .0001). All participants were retested within 7–14 days, and test–retest reliability was good (r = 0.70, p < .001). We used cutoff criteria which was determined in the Turkish validity and reliability study of PAS (Tural et al., 2000). The participants with PAS scores equal to or less than 11 were not included in the analyses (n = 49), to ensure that our sample had clinically significant ongoing symptoms of PD. Therefore, our sample included 151 adult-onset PD patients with (n = 106), and without agoraphobia (n = 45). All participants were not using any medication for at least 1 month prior to evaluation. Demographic characteristics for the sample were obtained at the first evaluation. The mean age of the sample (Female/Male: 94/57) was 33.9 ± 11.2. The majority of the sample was married (n = 84, 55.6%), and the mean educational level was 9.7 ± 3.7.