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Abnormal Personality in Functional Somatic Syndromes
Published in Peter Manu, The Psychopathology of Functional Somatic Syndromes, 2020
The main data collection instrument was the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (Cloninger, 1987b), which measures 12 personality features grouped into the categories of harm avoidance, novelty seeking, and reward dependence. Harm avoidance explores anticipatory worry and pessimism, fear of uncertainty, shyness with strangers, and fatigability and asthenia. Novelty seeking evaluates exploratory excitability, impulsiveness, extravagance, and disorderliness. Reward dependence measures sentimentality, attachment, persistence, and dependence.
Treating Chronic Pain in Personality-Disordered Patients
Published in Andrea Kohn Maikovich-Fong, Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain, 2019
Perhaps the most substantiated association exists between enduring pain and the profile of elevated harm avoidance and lowered self-directedness, as measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger, Przybeck, & Svrakic, 1994; Conrad, Wegener, Geiser, & Kleiman, 2013). Patients with high harm avoidance are overly cautious, pessimistic, and prone to fear and reassurance-seeking. The attribute of diminished self-directedness typically is exemplified by identity disturbance, low self-esteem/efficacy, an external locus of control, amotivation, and impaired goal setting (Gustin et al., 2016; Malmgren-Olsson & Bergdahl, 2006). Furthermore, this personality profile has been implicated consistently in the diagnosis of personality-disordered pathology (Conrad et al., 2007). Correspondingly, a high rate of diagnosable personality disorders (12–18%) is found within the chronic pain population. This is higher than the prevalence rate of personality disorders within the population at large, which is approximately 10% (Fischer-Kern et al., 2011).
Review of brain imaging in anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Published in Stephen Wonderlich, James E Mitchell, Martina de Zwaan, Howard Steiger, Annual Review of Eating Disorders Part 2 – 2006, 2018
Walter H Kaye, Angela Wagner, Guido Frank, Ursula F Bailer
It is of much interest that other studies from our group (Bailer et al. 2004b) found that REC BAN had positive relationships between harm avoidance and [18F]altanserin BP in the left subgenual cingulate, left lateral temporal and mesial temporal cortex. Such relationships were not found in REC RAN (Frank et al. 2002b). Together, these studies raise the possibility that cingulate and temporal regions may play a role in elevated harm avoidance in people with EDs.
Personality and Psychiatric Disorders among Employees of New York City Workplaces Affected by the 9/11 Attacks on the World Trade Center
Published in Psychiatry, 2022
Maria E. Reynolds, Josh M. Raitt, Ala Üstyol, Rachel Zettl, C. Robert Cloninger, Carol S. North
Among those with preexisting vulnerability to MDD (i.e., predisaster-only MDD compared to persistent/recurrent MDD), this study found many associations of personality variables with the absence of postdisaster psychopathology. Predisaster-only MDD was associated with higher scores in character dimensions of self-directedness (possibly via increasing personal resolve and resourcefulness) and cooperativeness (possibly increasing emotionally supportive social networks), together representing the level of executive functioning (Cloninger, 2013; Cloninger et al., 2010). Both high self-directedness and high cooperativeness have been found to be associated with indicators of well-being and are thus potentially protective against depressive illness (Cloninger et al., 2010). Thus, it is possible that these characteristics contributed to mastery of preexisting vulnerability to psychopathology, heightening resistance to redevelopment of depressive illness after the severe life stress of the disaster. Predisaster-only MDD was associated with one temperament dimension, lower harm avoidance. This is consistent with findings from research on general and patient populations that higher harm avoidance is associated with more depressive episodes (Cloninger et al., 2010). High harm avoidance reflects emotional reactivity to and difficulty coping with adverse events (Cloninger et al., 2010), which could hinder the ability to withstand a recurrence of MDD after a disaster.
Last word: a call to view temperamental traits as dual vulnerabilities and strengths in anorexia nervosa
Published in Eating Disorders, 2021
Heather Hower, Erin E. Reilly, Christina E. Wierenga, Walter H. Kaye
Research suggests that individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) tend to have specific childhood temperament traits, which individuals often report were present prior to the onset of the eating disorder (ED) and persist in recovery (Atiye et al., 2015). For instance, there is a considerable body of literature showing that perfectionism, with an over-emphasis on self-imposed standards, is commonly linked with AN (Lampard et al., 2012). High levels of anxiety, attention to detail, order, exactness, and symmetry, and sensitivity to punishment are often elevated in AN, independent of nutritional status (Harrison et al., 2010; Wagner et al., 2006). Impaired set-shifting, including rigid responses to changing rules, elevated perseverative responses, and preference for routine, indicate that cognitive inflexibility may also represent a trait marker of AN (Roberts et al., 2010). Harm avoidance, or low risk-taking, combining features of anxiety, inhibition, and inflexibility, are also heightened in AN (Fassino et al., 2004).
Factors affecting treatment motivation among Turkish patients receiving inpatient treatment due to alcohol/substance use disorder
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2020
Ozlem Kazan Kizilkurt, Fikret Ferzan Gıynaş
Temperament and character traits have been comprehensively studied among patients with alcohol and substance addiction (Cuneyt Evren, Evren, Yancar, & Erkiran, 2007; Schneider et al., 2015). Although the role of personality in the development of addictive behavior has been known for a long time, the unitary concept of “addictive personality” has not been supported by evidence (Mulder, 2002). In our study, harm avoidance—a temperament trait—was associated with motivation. It was observed that the motivation for treatment was higher in patients with more harm avoidance characteristics. To our knowledge, this was the first study to demonstrate a link between harm avoidance and motivation. However, it was indicated that a high level of harm avoidance together with personality traits (i.e., shyness, social inhibition, fear of uncertainty, and pessimism under conditions that will not worry others) and substance use may have contributed to the development of addiction by relieving negative feelings. In addition, a high level of harm avoidance may prove to be more cautious in case of danger and may provide careful planning as an advantage, may assist in planning and maintaining lifestyle changes that are important in the struggle with substance use, and thus may be considered as a prognostic factor (Akvardar et al., 2005).