China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Treating Chronic Pain in Personality-Disordered Patients
Published in Andrea Kohn Maikovich-Fong, Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain, 2019
Perhaps the most substantiated association exists between enduring pain and the profile of elevated harm avoidance and lowered self-directedness, as measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger, Przybeck, & Svrakic, 1994; Conrad, Wegener, Geiser, & Kleiman, 2013). Patients with high harm avoidance are overly cautious, pessimistic, and prone to fear and reassurance-seeking. The attribute of diminished self-directedness typically is exemplified by identity disturbance, low self-esteem/efficacy, an external locus of control, amotivation, and impaired goal setting (Gustin et al., 2016; Malmgren-Olsson & Bergdahl, 2006). Furthermore, this personality profile has been implicated consistently in the diagnosis of personality-disordered pathology (Conrad et al., 2007). Correspondingly, a high rate of diagnosable personality disorders (12–18%) is found within the chronic pain population. This is higher than the prevalence rate of personality disorders within the population at large, which is approximately 10% (Fischer-Kern et al., 2011).
Sleep and personality disorders
Published in S.R. Pandi-Perumal, Meera Narasimhan, Milton Kramer, Sleep and Psychosomatic Medicine, 2017
Perogamvros Lampros, C. Robert Cloninger
In accordance with these results, some authors proposed that insomnia is related to an internalization of psychological distress.3,4 More recent studies have used the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), a well-validated instrument based on the unified biosocial theory of personality developed by Cloninger and colleagues.5,6 The TCI is a true–false questionnaire that measures four dimensions of temperament—novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (P)—and three dimensions of character—self-directedness (SD), selftranscendence (ST), and cooperativeness (C).6
Anxiety, Depression, and Personality
Published in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen, Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
Harald N. Aschauer, Schlögelhofer Monika
Some personality inventories take a different approach, basing themselves on specific psychological or biological theories rather than the neutral mathematical technique of factor analysis. A recent example that has proved of heuristic value in psychiatry is the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). The TPQ was developed by Cloninger to measure the dimensions of his psychobiological theory. It draws on human and animal work to suggest that behavior is mediated by certain neurotransmitters that underlie three basic and largely heritable dimensions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence). TPQ harm avoidance is highly correlated with NEO neuroticism, and TPQ novelty seeking is positively correlated with extroversion and negatively correlated with conscientiousness. Reward dependence is the TPQ term for attachment to others, sentimentality, and warmth; its opposites are pragmatism and tough-mindedness [9]. A key subscale of reward dependence is persistence. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was further developed by Cloninger after the TPQ for assessment in clinical settings and to test specific predictions based on a seven-dimensional model of psychobiology of personality. The TCI measures seven dimensions of personality, including three character dimensions (self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) in addition to the four dimensions of temperament measured by the TPQ (harm avoidance, novelty seeking, reward dependence, persistence) [2].
Personality and Psychiatric Disorders among Employees of New York City Workplaces Affected by the 9/11 Attacks on the World Trade Center
Published in Psychiatry, 2022
Maria E. Reynolds, Josh M. Raitt, Ala Üstyol, Rachel Zettl, C. Robert Cloninger, Carol S. North
Few disaster studies have assessed personality with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), which measures three temperament (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence) and three character (self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) dimensions. Among survivors of a nightclub fire that killed more than 200 people in Santa Maria, Brazil, low self-directedness was associated with disaster-related post-traumatic stress symptoms (Crestani Calegaro et al., 2019). Among survivors of a terrorist bombing, low self-directedness, low cooperativeness, and underdeveloped executive functioning (indicating likelihood of personality disorder) were associated with disaster-related PTSD and postdisaster major depression, and PTSD was further associated with high self-transcendence and disorganized character and explosive temperament configurations (North, Abbacchi et al., 2012; North & Cloninger, 2012).
Perfectionism as a mediator of psychological distress: Implications for addressing underlying vulnerabilities to the mental health of medical students
Published in Medical Teacher, 2020
Diann S. Eley, Vikas Bansal, Janni Leung
Some personality traits are shown to be predictors of psychological distress and perfectionism (Deary et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2007; Josefsson et al. 2011; Kim et al. 2013; Yeshua et al. 2019; Leung et al. 2019). Harm Avoidance, measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger et al.1994), is associated with internalising problems such as depression, anxiety and catastrophization (Smith et al. 2005; Kim et al. 2013; Yeshua et al. 2019), and with psychosomatic symptoms such as pessimism, fear of uncertainty and high levels of stress (Kim et al. 2013; Cloninger and Zohar 2011). These are similar to findings measured by the Big Five Personality Model (Costa and McCrae 1992), where neuroticism is associated with anxiety and individuals with unexplained medical symptoms (Deary et al. 2007), or a tendency toward negative affect (Frost et al. 1993; Terry-Short et al. 1995; Enns et al. 2001; Smith et al. 2019).
The personalities of most medical students are suited to rural practice: Implications for rural education program recruitment
Published in Medical Teacher, 2019
Diann S. Eley, C. Robert Cloninger, David V. Power, Kathleen Dwyer Brooks
The temperament and character inventory (TCI) (Cloninger et al. 1993; Cloninger 1999) provided a general measure of personality. The TCI is based on Cloninger’s psychobiological model, which defines temperament as those components of personality that are heritable, developmentally stable, and emotion based. The four temperament dimensions are novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence. Character traits reflect personal goals and values and are subject to socio-cultural learning. The three character dimensions are self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence. Supplementary Appendix 1 shows descriptors of each TCI dimension. This study used the 140-item version, the TCIR-140 with a 5 point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Cronbach alphas ranged from 0.75 to 0.90 for temperament and from 0.80 to 0.88 for the character scales.