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Abnormal Personality in Functional Somatic Syndromes
Published in Peter Manu, The Psychopathology of Functional Somatic Syndromes, 2020
The main data collection instrument was the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (Cloninger, 1987b), which measures 12 personality features grouped into the categories of harm avoidance, novelty seeking, and reward dependence. Harm avoidance explores anticipatory worry and pessimism, fear of uncertainty, shyness with strangers, and fatigability and asthenia. Novelty seeking evaluates exploratory excitability, impulsiveness, extravagance, and disorderliness. Reward dependence measures sentimentality, attachment, persistence, and dependence.
Special Problems of Substance Abuse in Adolescence
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
A recent evaluation of veterans using the findings of Cloninger divided alcoholics into those with age of onset before age 20 and who had fathers who also abused alcohol, and those without these risk factors. It was found that patients who started alcohol abuse at an early age (with or without the father also being alcoholic) had three times the likelihood of depression, four times the likelihood of suicide, and a significantly higher likelihood of being involved with crimes of physical violence than those who started alcoholic drinking after age 20.5 A further study by the same author, looking at school-age children and following them into adulthood, found that the characteristics of novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence were not correlated with one another but were predictors of later substance abuse. High novelty seeking and low harm avoidance were the most strongly predictive markers of early onset of alcohol abuse.6
Adolescents With Co-occurring Disorders
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski
The typical youth who is developing in a supportive family environment will transition through a stage of development that is fraught with uncertainty and increased risk taking as biological changes are accompanying changes in the neural systems of emotion and motivation due to neural plasticity during puberty and adolescence (Berk, 2018). The neurological changes create normal neurobehavioral changes as the brain is continuing to develop. The changes in the circuits that are used for executive functioning in decision making enhance a proclivity toward high-intensity feelings, which lead to seeking experiences to contribute to high-intensity feelings due to enjoying excitement and arousal. As researchers have been considering the underpinnings of risk-taking behaviors in adolescence, the explanations for these behaviors look at issues with executive control and the understanding that the frontal lobe and prefrontal cortex are the last regions of the brain to develop, both structurally and functionally (Luciana & Collins, 2012; Luciana, 2013). Along with the desire to experience thrill-seeking and adult behaviors, such as sexual encounters and substance use, youth have the mental construct of ‘magical thinking’, or a tendency to minimize the potential consequences of engaging in high-risk activities. Thus, the dangers of sexual activity leading to pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases, driving while texting, risk taking on social media, and indulging in substance use that could potentially lead to developing substance use disorders are not considered likely to occur. Swadi (1999) suggested that the constellation of traits that can be linked to higher risk for substance use in adolescents includes low self-esteem, aggression, high novelty seeking, low harm avoidance, and high reward dependence, along with stressful or traumatic life events and comorbid psychiatric disorders.
The relationship between expressed emotion, personality traits and prognosis of alcohol and substance addiction: 6-month follow-up study
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Ayşe Erdoğan Kaya, Ahmet Bulent Yazici, Muhammed Kaya, Esra Yazici
In a systematic review article on this subject published in 2017, it was reported that high novelty seeking scores and low persistence, reward dependence, and cooperativeness scores were associated with relapse among patients treated for alcohol use disorder [55]. These studies have claimed that determining personality traits, applying different approaches according to these traits, and evaluating results in alcohol use disorders can help in developing treatment plans to encourage high-risk patients to stay in treatment [29]. But the results of our study suggest that external factors are more determinant in addiction prognosis than internal factors. However, there are many studies suggesting that there is a relationship between alcohol, smoking, substance use, and personality traits and psychiatric symptoms associated with the onset of substance use [56,57].
The personalities of most medical students are suited to rural practice: Implications for rural education program recruitment
Published in Medical Teacher, 2019
Diann S. Eley, C. Robert Cloninger, David V. Power, Kathleen Dwyer Brooks
Our research explores the personal characteristics and personality traits of RPAP students. A descriptive study of six consecutive RPAP cohorts showed little differences between cohorts in their levels of temperament and personality traits (Brooks et al. 2014). Overall RPAP students’ temperament shows them to be average in Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance indicating a stable and mature personality. They are very high in Reward Dependence and Persistence meaning they are warm and sociable while focused and determined. This temperament is balanced by a character that is very high in self-directedness and cooperativeness meaning they are conscientious, goal-oriented, and good team players, while average levels of self-transcendence suggest they are practical (Brooks et al. 2014). The overall profile implies a positive affective style that is typical of high achieving and socially responsible persons. The consistency in personality and demographics of consecutive RPAP cohorts lend credence to the general process of RPAP selection and its success.
Normative data and factorial structure of the Turkish version of the temperament and character inventory-revised (Turkish TCI-R)
Published in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2019
Samet Kose, Mehmet Yalcin, Ercan Akin, Hakan Turkcapar
Temperament dimensions are related to the temperament that represents the individual's differences related to emotional reactions such as fear, aggression, attachment which are inherited and accepted as invariant characteristics in the face of static and cultural influences throughout life [1,3,6]. Novelty Seeking (NS) refers to an inherited tendency towards active behavioural avoidance of harm signals and attitudes toward reward signals and activating desire for novelty. Harm Avoidance (HA) refers to the individual's tendency to passive avoidance behaviours such as fear of uncertainty and a pessimistic state of concern about future problems. Reward Dependence (RD) is the tendency to maintain the behaviour in response to external awards. Persistence (PS) reflects a hereditary predisposition to inhibition, fatigue, and sustained behaviour even when intermittently encouraged [1,3,4].