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Cognitive and neural correlates of errorless learning
Published in Catherine Haslam, Roy P.C. Kessels, Errorless Learning in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2018
Studies investigating the effectiveness of EL learning have predominantly involved patients with memory impairment, accounting to some extent for the focus on memory-related mechanisms of the EL learning advantage. However, a more recent perspective on the mechanism underlying the EL advantage draws on executive processes. Executive dysfunction is strongly associated with the inability to detect and monitor errors and to adjust behaviour on the basis of feedback (Clare & Jones, 2008). In patient populations, monitoring and correcting errors (i.e., error-monitoring) during task execution poses additional strain on an already vulnerable executive control system. In this context, errors might not be fully processed, leading them to be erroneously stored in memory. During later task performance, these previously stored errors may interfere with the retrieval of correct responses.
Problems Assessing Executive Dysfunction in Neurobehavioural Disability
Published in Tom M. McMillan, Rodger Ll. Wood, Neurobehavioural Disability and Social Handicap following Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Rabbitt (1997) pointed out that most tests of executive functions are limited by their own test–retest reliabilities. A major feature of executive dysfunction is that people can cope with familiar tasks (the actions of which are usually over-learned) yet still experience difficulty acquiring new skills. By implication, only novel tasks can pick up deficits in executive functions. However, tasks can only be novel once! Repeated presentation of the same task, even after a six-month delay, means that it is no longer novel, which reduces the sensitivity of the task to executive dysfunction and, when test–retest reliabilities are measured, the correlation is usually low.
Neuropsychological interventions following traumatic brain injury
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Jason W. Krellman, Theodore Tsaousides, Wayne A. Gordon
“Executive functioning” refers to a broad range of abilities that subserve goal-directed behavior, including initiation, planning, organization, and monitoring of self and the environment.11 Additional executive functions have included anticipation, action sequencing, cognitive flexibility,93 problem solving,94–96 and regulation of emotion and behavior.33 Executive dysfunction has a significant impact on emotional, behavioral, and social outcomes following brain injury.16,94 Consequently, the treatment of executive dysfunction has received significant attention in the literature. Interventions have been based on explicit theoretical models of executive function (e.g., D’Zurilla & Goldfried,97 Luria,95 Shallice & Burgess98); comprehensive-holistic day treatment programs that emphasize cognitive operations, such as self-awareness and daily problem-solving;5,13,53,94,99,100 and specific interventions focused on improving problem solving,94,101–103 goal management,29 and self-regulation.94,101,104
Validity of the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome for Children (BADS-C) in children and adolescents with pediatric acquired brain injury
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2023
Bendik Romundstad, Stian Solem, Anne Elisabeth Brandt, Ruth Elizabeth Hypher, Kari Risnes, Torstein Baade Rø, Jan Stubberud, Torun Gangaune Finnanger
Due to the complexity of this domain, neuropsychological assessment of EF in the pediatric population is challenging. This purports especially to the ecological validity of EF measures, which typically refers to the degree to which test performance corresponds to real-world performance (Franzen & Wilhelm, 1996). The relationship between performance-based tests of EF and ratings of EF in daily life activities (questionnaires) is inconsistent and unclear, especially post pABI (e.g., Burgess et al., 1998; Chaytor & Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2003; Chevignard et al., 2012; Toplak et al., 2013). This has led to the notion that performance-based EF tests seem to lack ecological validity. It has been argued that the highly structured nature of tests, in addition to being examiner guided, masks potential executive difficulties, thus not representing the relatively unstructured situations of daily life (Chevignard et al., 2012; Jurado & Rosselli, 2007; Shallice & Burgess, 1991). As such, there is a need to develop EF tests with an effort to provide increased representativeness and generalizability to real-life situations (i.e., ecological validity; Burgess et al., 2006). Consequently, clinicians may become better able to detect executive dysfunction interfering with everyday life.
Neuropsychological Disorders in Moderate Hyperphenylalaninemia: Literature Review
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2023
L. Paermentier, A. Cano, B. Chabrol, A. Roy
Regarding executive functions, the oldest studies did not show difficulties in mHPA patients with levels below 360 μmol/l. (Diamond, Prevor, Callender, & Druin, 1997; Weglage et al., 1997; Weglage, Schmidt, Fünders, Pietsch, & Ullrich, 1996b). An exception is the study by Gassio et al. (2005), who found evidence of executive impairment in both their mHPA and PKU children. However, this study has a methodological criticism related to the age of the cohorts, with the mHPA group being younger (mean = 7.1 years) than the PKU group (mean = 9.9 years). However, since the last literature reviews (Campistol, Gassio, Artuch, & Et Vilaseca, 2011; Hanley, 2011; van Spronsen, 2011), 3 studies with mHPA patients <360 μmol/l show indicators of executive dysfunction (de la Parra, García, Waisbren, Cornejo, & Raimann, 2015; Evinç et al., 2018; González García, Conde-Guzon, Martín, Conde-Guzon, & Velasco Zúñiga, 2017). In PKU, executive difficulties have been found in various studies whether in children (for a review see Canton, Gall, Feillet, Bonnemains, & Roy, 2019) or adults (for a review see Bilder et al., 2016 and Hofman et al., 2018). Executive dysfunction appears to be the leading hypothesis to explain neuropsychological impairment in this condition. It seems possible that there is a continuum of executive impairment between PKU and mHPA compared with the general population.
A prospective open-label trial of long-acting liquid methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in intellectually capable adults with autism spectrum disorder
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Gagan Joshi, Maura DiSalvo, Janet Wozniak, T. Atilla Ceranoglu, Amy Yule, Craig Surman, Ronna Fried, Maribel Galdo, Barbora Hoskova, Abigail Belser, Joseph Biederman
This was a prospective, 6-week, open-label treatment trial of MPH-ER in 15 intellectually capable adults, predominantly young Caucasian males, suffering from ASD and ADHD of at least moderate severity. The majority of participants exhibited significant executive dysfunction, with an elevated level of impairment in functioning. Half of the participants were receiving ongoing treatment for the management of anxiety and mood dysregulation that are highly comorbid with HF-ASD (Joshi et al. 2013). Short-term MPH-ER therapy was well-tolerated and significantly effective in reducing the severity of ADHD symptoms. It was also associated with improvement in anxiety and depressive symptoms, cognitive dysfunction and overall global functioning. Findings suggest that MPH-ER is an effective treatment for ADHD in adults with HF-ASD.