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Behavior Modification
Published in Eli Ilana, Oral Psychophysiology, 2020
The process of counterconditioning involves the same principles, but attempts to condition a more adaptive response to the unpleasant situation rather than simply eliminating the maladaptive response. The principle of counter-conditioning is widely applied in systematic desensitization, whereby the anxiety-evoking stimulus is shown in the presence of a pleasant experience, which gradually replaces the fear.1
Psychology and Human Development EMIs
Published in Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju, Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Conditional reinforcer.Contextual stimuli.Contrived reinforcer.Counterconditioning.Extinction.Latent inhibition.Natural reinforcer.Postconditioning revaluation of the unconditioned stimulus.Second-order conditioning.
Systems consolidation and fear memory generalisation as a potential target for trauma-related disorders
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Lizeth K. Pedraza, Rodrigo O. Sierra, Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
Memory reactivation might also provide a window of opportunity to attenuate fear expression by inserting appetitive information in the background of the trauma-related memory through counterconditioning. For instance, the concomitant application during retrieval of rewarding stimulus such as morphine, caffeine, chocolate, cereal, methylphenidate or providing a very weak footshock, attenuates fear memory (Sierra et al. 2013; Haubrich et al. 2015; Pedraza et al. 2018; Arellano Pérez et al. 2020; Popik et al. 2020) (Figure 3). All mentioned interventions were able to shift the emotional valence to a less aversive state through reconsolidation dependent mechanisms, resulting in a persistent suppression of the fear response. The experimental setting and treatments mentioned above are particularly successful when animals are tested in the same reactivation context (AAA). To note, reconsolidation interference can be also performed exposing animals to the generalised context, however, potential amnestic effects seem to be restricted to reactivation context since there is no disruption of memory retrieval performing the test in the original context (ABA) or in a different context (ABC) (Alfei et al. 2021). On the one hand, fear generalisation may promote a more extensive variety of stimuli and circumstances to reactivate fear memories independent on the original learning contingencies and apply intervention based on counter-conditioning, but on the other side, how to generate a broad therapeutic effect manipulating the stimuli presentation during reactivation remain a challenge.