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Chemosensation to Enhance Nutritional Intake in Cancer Patients
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
For patients who have already developed a taste aversion, behavioral strategies should help reverse this learned process. Systematic desensitization, originally proposed by psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe, is a behavioral intervention commonly utilized by mental health professionals when helping cancer patients alter an aversive reaction to otherwise neutral stimuli (in this case food) that has been linked with unpleasant side-effects of cancer treatments (such as nausea) (Lotfi-Jam, Carey, Jefford, Schofield, Charleson, and Aranda 2008;Redd, Montgomery, and DuHamel 2001). In systematic desensitization, the trained clinician develops with the patient a hierarchy of aversive stimuli (from least aversive to most aversive), and gradually introduces these events while the patient is in a calm and relaxed state. The introduction of the aversive stimuli can be done “in vivo” (where the actual stimulus is presented to the patient) or imagined (by asking the patient to evoke the stimulus through memory). Repeated exposure to the aversive stimulus during a calm and relaxed state eventually leads the aversion to cease or become extinct. Systematic desensitization is a strategy that requires careful planning and execution, and should only be performed by trained professionals (Roscoe, O’Neill, Jean-Pierre et al. 2010).
Solving pet problems
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
Some treatments move away completely from drugs and pressure wraps in using standard behavioural methods of change. Systematic desensitisation is a classic treatment method used with human anxiety disorders. Developed by the psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe (1915–1997), the effects of systematic desensitisation are gained by the individual learning to cope with a graduated exposure to the fearful object or situation (Wolpe, 1958, 1962). Butler, Sargisson, and Elliffe (2011) used systematic desensitisation in the treatment of eight dogs with separation anxiety as seen in their destructive behaviour, soiling or excessive barking when alone. Butler, Sargisson, and Elliffe describe the treatment protocol:Owners carried out the treatment themselves following instructions provided. Owners were instructed to place their dog in isolation with food treats 3–4 times per day, with a minimum of 1 h between isolation periods. Starting with a 5-min separation period, owners were instructed to increase gradually and variably the period of separation in increments of 5 min until a period of 30–90 min was reached without recurrence of separation-related behaviour. After reaching that point, isolation durations were increased more rapidly. If the dog displayed evidence of separation-related behaviour, owners were instructed to return to the longest period not previously associated with separation-related behaviour and to proceed more gradually. (p. 140)
Psychiatry and social medicine
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
13.32. A 5-year-old boy presents with night waking, accompanied by screaming, sitting up in bed, being inconsolable, but having no memory of the night's events. This behaviour has occurred once or twice a week for the last 6 weeks. The parents are very worried because he seems so distressed and the whole family's sleep is being disturbed. Which of the following would be effective?Setting up a bedtime routine.Extinction of sleep incompatible behaviours.Prescribe diphenhydramine.Reassurance, safety advice, and continue to assess the waking pattern.Systematic desensitization.
The role and creation of pressure in training: Perspectives of athletes and sport psychologists
Published in Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2023
William R. Low, Paul Freeman, Joanne Butt, Mike Stoker, Ian Maynard
Applied interventions have continued to focus on PT’s effects, but few have provided rationale for their pressure manipulations that produced those effects. One exception is Bell et al.’s (2013) study that punished cricketers if they did not meet standards in batting drills. The intervention was grounded in systematic desensitization training, which exposes individuals to stressors to overcome phobias and anxieties. The threat of punishments allowed the players to practice coping with professional cricket’s threatening environment in which mistakes could be costly to one’s career. However, no subsequent studies have further explored the use of punishments or similarly explained their pressure manipulations. van Rens et al. (2021) had cricketers choose which forfeits to use because such autonomy could increase motivation during the training, but allowing players to choose the forfeits assumed that the players knew sources of pressure for themselves and feasible ways of simulating those sources. The absence of manipulation checks left the effectiveness of the chosen forfeits unclear. Providing stronger rationale for pressure manipulations could help practitioners translate interventions to other sports and populations.
Mental Health and the Pandemic: New Looks
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
So, what can be done if someone is afraid to go out? Do people suffering from cave syndrome need professional treatment or just a bit more adjustment time? It all depends on the level of severity. If a person has symptoms of exhaustion, depression, or anxiety, measures that provide a sense of purpose in life: meditation, faith work, prayer, playing or listening to music may be helpful (Newsome, 2021). If anxiety is beginning to affect work life or relationships with friends, family, or romantic partners, these are signs that it is time to seek help from a mental health professional. And those experiencing physical symptoms, such as headaches, tightness or tension in the neck and shoulders, stomach aches, or difficulty sleeping or concentrating, should also seek help from a professional. Treatment for more extreme levels of anxiety may require psychotherapy with a mental health professional who can offer cognitive therapy or desensitization therapy that gradually exposes a person to a stressful situation to resolve their fears (Newsome, 2021). In the gradual exposure known as systematic desensitization therapy, people are encouraged to focus on what is within their control and to reintroduce activities slowly. Medication also may be used at times. However, postponing reentry out of fear only increases anxiety which feeds on avoidance.
Managing anxiety and uncertainty: applying anxiety/uncertainty management theory to university health professionals and students’ communication
Published in Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2021
This study responded to Babrow and Mattson’s [4] call that more health communication scholarship should be theory-driven by using anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory to explore how college students managed their anxiety and uncertainty when communicating with university health professionals. The study found relaxation, trust, and information seeking/giving as strategies students adopted to manage their anxiety and uncertainty. Therefore, the study concludes that basic systematic desensitization techniques (e.g. taking a deep breath, listening to music, etc.) and cognitive restructuring techniques (e.g. staying positive, focusing the mind on the thing one enjoys, etc.) could help students to manage their physical and psychological symptoms of anxiety when communicating with university health professionals. Also, assuring students of confidentiality could help them to reduce their uncertainty about disclosing personal and sensitive information to university health professionals during their interactions. Finally, university health professionals should make an effort to create a conducive atmosphere that encourages students to feel free to express themselves and ask questions during medical interactions.