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Tixocortol Pivalate
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A woman who had apparently never used topical corticosteroids had a positive patch test reaction to tixocortol pivalate 1% pet., which had appeared at D10. The authors diagnosed probable active sensitization. Whereas this may well have been the case, late reactions to corticosteroids are well known, and it cannot be excluded that the reaction had begun earlier dan D10 but was not noticed by the patient at that time (54).
Rhinitis
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Vinay Mehta, Srinivasan Ramanuja, Pramod S Kelkar
Although AR can begin at any age, most individuals develop symptoms during childhood. Sensitization, followed by clinical allergy, develops first to allergens that are continually present in the environment (e.g., dust mites or animal dander), then to pollens and other seasonal allergens. In a study of approximately 600 children, at least two seasons of pollen exposure were required before most children developed allergic symptoms (Kulig et al. 2000). After the age of two years, the prevalence of AR steadily increases, demonstrating a bimodal peak in early school and early adult years. AR is usually persistent throughout adulthood, then improves starting in the 6th decade.
Cockroach and other inhalant insect allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Only few studies report associations between sensitization to specific allergens and disease. In Taiwan, sensitization to Per a 2 (81% of patients) correlated with more severe airway allergy and elevated proinflammatory cytokines, but more patients with rhinitis only were sensitized to Per a 9 (80%) [29]. In New York, Bla g 2 levels greater than 1 U/g in children's bedroom and kitchen dust samples were independently associated with cockroach-specific IgE among children with asthma [30]. A recent analysis of IgE reactivity to eight recombinant cockroach allergens (allergen components) reports the emergence of additional major cockroach allergens (e.g., from groups 6, 9, and 11 among highly cockroach sensitized subjects) in addition to the originally identified major allergens Bla g 2 and Bla g 5 [31]. The role of these cockroach allergens in disease is currently being investigated.
Framework for sensitization assessment of extractables and leachables in pharmaceuticals
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Patricia Parris, Geraldine Whelan, Anders Burild, Jessica Whritenour, Uma Bruen, Joel Bercu, Courtney Callis, Jessica Graham, Esther Johann, Troy Griffin, Martin Kohan, Elizabeth A. Martin, Melisa Masuda-Herrera, Brad Stanard, Eric Tien, Maureen Cruz, Lee Nagao
Sensitization occurs when exposure to an allergen results in the development of an adaptive immune response. The adaptive immune response can involve the generation of allergen-specific antibodies, allergen-specific T cells, or both (induction). Repeated exposure to the allergen manifests in a clinical reaction such as dermatitis or pneumonitis (elicitation). Importantly for risk assessment, induction of sensitization is threshold-based irrespective of the route of administration and therefore it is possible to determine a dose below which sensitization will not occur (Kimber et al. 1999). As concluded by the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety project on the Harmonization of Approaches to the Assessment of Risk from Exposure to Chemicals, “the most effective strategy to control the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis is to prevent the induction of skin sensitization in the first place” (World Health Organization Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals 2008).
Presentation, diagnosis, and the role of subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy in the management of ocular allergy
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Amruta Trivedi, Constance Katelaris
Experimental allergic conjunctival models and clinical research studies have shown that T‐helper type 2‐related mechanisms are involved in the sensitisation phase of ocular allergy, and that both T‐helper type 1 and type 2 cytokines are overexpressed in active disease, resulting in ocular inflammation.17–19 Sensitisation occurs when very small (picograms) quantities of environmental allergens (including pollen, dust mite faecal particles, and animal dander) reach the conjunctival mucosa. These particles are then processed by antigen‐presenting cells (Figure 1). The antigens are carried by antigen‐presenting cells to native lymphocytes that express antigen‐specific receptors and recognise the antigenic peptides. In these sensitised patients, T‐helper 2 cells release pro‐inflammatory cytokines (interleukins 3, 4, 5, 13) that stimulate IgE production by B lymphocytes.
Epicutaneous challenge with protease allergen requires its protease activity to recall TH2 and TH17/TH22 responses in mice pre-sensitized via distant skin
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Akira Ogasawara, Takuo Yuki, Toshiro Takai, Kyosuke Yokozeki, Asuka Katagiri, Yutaka Takahashi, Hiroo Yokozeki, David Basketter, Hitoshi Sakaguchi
Papain (100 μg/100 μl phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]/2.25 cm2/site) or PBS (100 μl/2.25 cm2/site) was perfused to a square piece of gauze (PIP, Osaka, Japan) under an acrylic adhesive waterproof film (3 M Japan, Tokyo), then placed on the back skin of the hairless mice and immobilized using a polyurethane film (Alcare, Tokyo). The sensitization concentration was determined based on previous studies (He et al. 2007; Iida et al. 2014). The application was performed twice weekly for 5 wk (total number of applications = 10). Two days after the final sensitization, the mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka) and blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta. The mice were subsequently euthanized by cervical dislocation. The sensitization sites (back skins) were collected at necropsy and stabilized in RNA-later (QIAGEN, Manchester, UK). Other samples from the sites were processed for histology by placing the tissues into Mildform® 10 N (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical).