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Traditional Medicines for Mental Health
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Smita Singh, Anup Singh, Abhai Kumar, Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia
This is a serious mental disorder in which patient shows abnormal behavior; symptoms are delusions, hallucination, flattening of emotional responses, and withdrawal from social contact. In this condition, the level of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine is increased in the brain. The patients of this disease don’t know what is happening at present and does not cooperate with the society and physician for treatment. Synthetic drugs can reduce symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and abnormal thinking. Some side effects include tremors and weight gain. Schizophrenia requires a lifelong treatment (DeLisi et al., 2006).
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Valeria Garcia, Felipe Gonzalez
Psychotic disorders are varying illnesses which affect the mind and cause mental disorders. These disorders cause abnormal thinking and perceptions. Psychosis is a mental disorder of feeling disconnected from reality (Early Psychosis and Psychosis, 2018). They make it hard to know what’s real and what isn’t. While the experience for everyone is different, many people say that psychosis is frightening and confusing. In general, “psychotic disorders” indicate schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, shared psychotic disorder, etc.
Talking Helps
Published in Clare Gerada, Zaid Al-Najjar, Beneath the White Coat, 2020
Clare Gerada, Caroline Walker, Richard Jones
Doctors respond well to talking therapies. This is hardly surprising seeing that they use listening and talking so extensively in their own clinical practice with patients. The most common form of talking treatment, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) involves correcting abnormal thinking and behaviours. Other therapies such as psychoanalysis, examine the psychological processes linked to one’s upbringing and parental attachments to bring about long-lasting change. Different types of treatment are effective depending on the presenting issue.
An alternative start regimen with aripiprazole once-monthly in patients with schizophrenia: population pharmacokinetic analysis of a single-day, two-injection start with gluteal and/or deltoid intramuscular injection
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Yanlin Wang, Xiaofeng Wang, Matt Harlin, Frank Larsen, Moeen Panni, Murat Yildirim, Jessica Madera, Liz Arias, Andy Forbes, Nihal Mustafa, Inez Ruiz-White, Arash Raoufinia
Twenty percent, or 46 of the 228 high-dose cases reported an AE that was associated with aripiprazole. The events reported included expected events such as drug ineffective, psychotic disorder, extrapyramidal disorder, respiratory arrest, urinary tract obstruction, akathisia, muscle rigidity, vomiting, abnormal thinking, altered mood, drug interaction, tremor, sedation, swollen tongue, aggression, insomnia, hallucination, bradyphrenia, irritability, dizziness, anaphylactic shock, excessive masturbation, relapse, maniac symptoms, creatine phosphokinase increased, urinary retention, dyspnea, agitation, esophageal dysmotility, confusion, delirium, dyskinesia, sluggishness, fatigue, malaise, lethargy, anxiety, muscle contracture, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, weight gain, bradycardia, tardive dyskinesia, and schizophrenia symptoms.
Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in brain health and disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Sarah Sohyun Park, Hyunjin Jeong, Ana C. Andreazza
The investigation of the role of ccf-mtDNA in the field of neuropsychiatry is still in its infancy. However, mitochondrial dysfunction is found across various chronic conditions, such as BD, SCZ and MDD (Gawryluk et al. 2011; Andreazza et al. 2013, 2018). For instance, in BD, downregulation of mitochondrial genes (Konradi et al. 2004; Iwamoto et al. 2005; Sun et al. 2006; Sharma et al. 2009), a decreased expression of NDUFS7 and mitochondrial complex I activity in post-mortem brain studies (Andreazza et al. 2010, 2013), and increased lactate in numerous neuroimaging studies (Kuang et al. 2018) were noted. Furthermore, Prabakaran et al. (2004) found that in SCZ, a psychiatric condition characterised by delusions, hallucination, and other abnormal thinking and behaviour, mitochondria are the most affected cellular components. This is due to the down-regulated genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial translocation, and glycolysis shown in their post-mortem transcriptomic and proteomic study. Additionally, decreased levels of ATP and phosphocreatine (Fujimoto et al. 1992; Volz et al. 2000) and an increased level of lactate (Halim et al. 2008; Regenold et al. 2009; Rowland et al. 2016) were reported via neuroimaging studies for SCZ. For MDD, dysfunction in oxidative phosphorylation pathway was shown in the post-mortem proteomic study by Villa et al. (2017), suggesting contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction in the disease pathology. Although not included in the systematic review, the increased ccf-mtDNA levels in some psychiatric populations may come from acute psychological stress. Hummel et al. (2018) investigated ccf-mtDNA for acute psychosocial stress in a longitudinal study. Initially, they found an increase in ccf-mtDNA levels immediately inducing stress but it plummeted post 15-minutes of the stress test. Trumpff et al. (2019) also found increased ccf-mtDNA levels 30 minutes after the stressor and similarly one month after the first session. Nonetheless, no significant difference was found at baseline and immediately after the stressor. Thus, these similar findings of ccf-mtDNA present across different chronic neuropsychiatric conditions (Stertz et al. 2015; Lindqvist et al. 2016; Kageyama et al. 2018; Lindqvist et al. 2018; Jeong et al. 2020) infer further investigation of ccf-mtDNA to define its potential role on mitochondrial health and function.
Immediate and controlled-release pregabalin for the treatment of epilepsy
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Alessandra Morano, Caterina Palleria, Rita Citraro, Valentina Nesci, Carmen De Caro, Anna Teresa Giallonardo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Emilio Russo, Carlo Di Bonaventura
Early pivotal RCTs showed PGB IR to be safe and tolerable at therapeutic doses: although a remarkable proportion of patients (more than 70%) experienced at least one AE, side effects were from mild to moderate in intensity, generally appeared soon after the treatment was started and tended to subside later on in the study course [22,23,27]. The proportion of withdrawals due to intolerable AEs ranged from 11.5% in the study by French et al. to 22% reported in the trial by Beydoun and coworkers [22,24]. In a pooled analysis of the open-label studies following registration RCTs, 91.7% of the subjects complained of adverse effects (serious in 1.5% of the cases), and 12.6% discontinued PGB because of poor tolerability, while the overall rate of withdrawals amounted to 63% [27]. The most common AEs, which seem to be dose-dependent, were dizziness, ataxia/incoordination, somnolence/sedation, and weight gain, along with peripheral edema and abnormal thinking (generally described as impaired attention/concentration, slowed thinking, confusion); fatigue, euphoria, constipation, dry mouth, amblyopia/diplopia/blurred vision, vertigo and tremor are also reported [10,27]. Although early real-world studies apparently confirmed the adverse event profile of PGB as emerged from pivotal trials [28,29], others suggested some tolerability issues: for instance, in the prospective audit by Stephen and coworkers, 40 out of 135 enrolled subjects (29%) withdrew PGB due to unbearable side effects, and 21/135 discontinued the drug for both AEs and insufficient efficacy [32]. In the later work by the same authors comparing prospective audits on different second-generation AEDs, PGB appeared the worst tolerated medication, with a discontinuation rate due to side effects around 50% [33]. Similarly, in the recent paper by Viteva and Zaharaiev, PGB retention rates at 6 and 12 months were the lowest (80.9% and 76.6%, respectively) among all study drugs: still, they were higher than those reported in other works specifically focusing on long-term PGB retention, amounting to about 40% [34,45,46]. Such discrepancies between observational studies and pivotal RCTs might be justified considering that patients generally tend to better tolerate AEs for a limited period of time, whereas the long-term impact of side effects on QoL is far more valued, especially if the drug effectiveness in reducing seizure frequency and severity is deemed unsatisfactory.