China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Mother and Embryo Cross Communication during Conception
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Anna Idelevich, Andrea Peralta, Felipe Vilella
The process of implantation is divided into three stages: apposition, attachment (adhesion), and penetration. Implantation is initiated when the blastocyst meets the uterine wall. The first step is the release from the zone pellucida, a glycoprotein layer surrounding the plasma membrane, a process called “zona hatching.” Apposition is the loose connection between the blastocyst and the uterine epithelium. Usually, the apposition occurs in a small crypt in the endometrium, aligning the ICM with the uterine wall. Attachment is the furthest and strongest connection, when trophoblasts adhere and penetrate the endometrium, followed by invasion, embedding the embryo in the endometrium. Eventually, the syncytiotrophoblasts, the protrusions of trophoblast cells, come into contact with maternal blood and form chorionic villi, initiating the formation of the placenta [29].
Endocrine tumors in pregnancy
Published in Nadia Barghouthi, Jessica Perini, Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period, 2021
Choriocarcinomas spread by blood vessel invasion and exhibit abundant hemorrhage and necrosis on gross examination. On microscopic examination, a plexiform of multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast cells is noted.14 Syncytiotrophoblast cells produce hCG and are formed from cytotrophoblast cells. Immunohistochemical markers include human placental lactogen (hPL), β-hCG, Ki-67, and sometimes Mel-CAM (CD146).10
Testicular Cancer
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Selma Masic, Abhishek Srivastava, Alexander Kutikov
Histologically characterised by syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblast cells together.Vascular invasion, haemorrhage
Advance in placenta drug delivery: concern for placenta-originated disease therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Miao Tang, Xiao Zhang, Weidong Fei, Yu Xin, Meng Zhang, Yao Yao, Yunchun Zhao, Caihong Zheng, Dongli Sun
Compared to small molecule drugs, the design of nanoplatforms could target the lesions and lower unnecessary therapeutics delivered as the off-target effects. Recently, many researchers have reported that advanced nanotechnology would assist in the treatment of pregnancy complications with safety and efficiency (Table 1) (Nelson et al., 2021; Pritchard et al., 2021). The placental permeability of nanoparticles could be designed via the adjustment of their physicochemical properties. Meanwhile, well-designed nanoplatforms may vary in distribution according to the therapeutic condition to be confined in the maternal side, easily pass through the placenta and enter the fetal circulation, or retain in the placenta (Pritchard et al., 2021). For example, one study showed that targeting nanoplatforms loaded with doxorubicin could deliver drugs to placental tissue. It can improve the therapeutic effect of ectopic pregnancy and reduce systemic toxicity (Kaitu’u-Lino et al., 2013). Alternatively, for placenta-originated diseases such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, they could be designed to retain in the placental surface, having functions on the syncytiotrophoblasts (SCT) where the pathogenic factors produce and cause the development of the disease (Figure 1). In general, nanotechnology is able to keep the efficacy and reduce the side effect during the therapy of placenta-originated disease.
Determinants of low birth weight among newborns delivered in China: a prospective nested case-control study in a mother and infant cohort
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Zhuomin Huang, Quanfu Zhang, Litong Zhu, Haishan Xiang, Depeng Zhao, Jilong Yao
The present results show that hypertensive disorders may lead to the birth of LBW newborns, consistent with the results of other studies (Velentgas et al.1994, Liu et al.2021c). Reduction in utero-placental perfusion is the most typical pathophysiologic mechanism of LBW (Jung et al.2022). Hypertensive disorders are characterised by both endothelial dysfunction and reduced blood placental perfusion (Agrawal and Wenger 2020). It has generally been observed that women with chronic hypertension have a high risk of preeclampsia compared to those without hypertension (Bartsch et al.2016, Ogunwole et al.2021). Impaired uteroplacental perfusion results in foetal growth restriction due to reduced oxygen and nutrition transport to the embryo. Uteroplacental ischaemia via maternal syncytiotrophoblast stress may be the aetiology of preeclampsia (Jung et al.2022). More attention should be paid to the intrauterine growth of the foetus and the development of anomalies in mothers with hypertensive disorders or preeclampsia.
A stroll through the present and future of testicular germ cell tumour biomarkers
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Nuno Tiago Tavares, Rui Henrique, Aditya Bagrodia, Carmen Jerónimo, João Lobo
On the other hand, HCG is a 38 kDa glycoprotein hormone that has five different isoforms and has been routinely used for a long time in pregnancy tests. TGCTs may cause serum elevations of the whole HCG or the β-unit of this hormone, β-HCG [31]. This hormone is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast cells and plays several roles in pregnancy, promoting development of the placenta and differentiation of fetal organs [32]. The half-life of β-HCG in serum ranges from 18 to 36 h, much lower than that of AFP. Like the former, its production is dependent on TGCT histologic type, being markedly elevated in the presence of trophoblastic elements, including scattered syncytiotrophoblast cells or CHC foci. For SE, this marker is elevated in about 18–31% of all patients, specifically 10–20% of clinical stage I patients and 30–50% of advanced disease [22,23,33]. For NST, it is elevated in about 53% of patients and in more than 95% CHC cases [22,23]. β-HCG may also be elevated in other types of cancers and due to heterophilic antibodies, a fact that lowers its specificity for GCTs, which is about 35–37% [25,26,34,35].