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Endocrine tumors in pregnancy
Published in Nadia Barghouthi, Jessica Perini, Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period, 2021
Choriocarcinomas spread by blood vessel invasion and exhibit abundant hemorrhage and necrosis on gross examination. On microscopic examination, a plexiform of multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast cells is noted.14 Syncytiotrophoblast cells produce hCG and are formed from cytotrophoblast cells. Immunohistochemical markers include human placental lactogen (hPL), β-hCG, Ki-67, and sometimes Mel-CAM (CD146).10
Testicular Cancer
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Selma Masic, Abhishek Srivastava, Alexander Kutikov
Histologically characterised by syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblast cells together.Vascular invasion, haemorrhage
Fertilization and normal embryonic and early fetal development
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Asim Kurjak, Ritsuko K. Pooh, Aida Salihagic-Kadic, Iva Lausin, Lara Spalldi-Barisic
As implantation proceeds, trophoblast differentiates into two layers: inner cytotrophoblast and outer syncytiotropho-blast. Around day 9, syncytiotrophoblast cells begin to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). It maintains the thick endometrium and can be detected in maternal blood or urine, which is used for early pregnancy testing (3).
Oxytocin modulates steroidogenesis-associated genes and estradiol levels in the placenta
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Sung-Min An, Min Jae Kim, Jea Sic Jeong, So Young Kim, Da Som Kim, Beum-Soo An, Seung Chul Kim
The placenta is a pregnancy-specific and transient tissue that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall for exchange of nutrients, excretion, antibody transport, gas exchange, and hormone secretion through the maternal-fetal interface (Benirschke et al. 1998; Burton and Fowden 2015). During pregnancy, placental development is an essential process for successful pregnancy and fetal growth (Kwak et al. 2019). For placental growth and development, the proliferation of mononucleated cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells and their morphological differentiation into multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (STB) cells are required (Kliman et al. 1986). The differentiated STB plays various critical functions throughout pregnancy, including transport of ions, substrates, gases, and other factors between the maternal and fetal circulations (Hubert et al. 2010). In addition, during pregnancy, these cells synthesize and secrete a large amount of steroid hormones, which are essential for fetal growth, through steroidogenesis (Hubert et al. 2010). Among them, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) are the major steroid hormones, and the serum levels of E2 and P4 increase throughout pregnancy (Kim et al. 2016; Young et al. 2016).
The role of miRNA-210 in pre-eclampsia development
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Ilona Jaszczuk, Dorota Koczkodaj, Adrianna Kondracka, Anna Kwaśniewska, Izabela Winkler, Agata Filip
Pre-eclampsia is recognised after 20 weeks of gestation, but the first unfavourable factor leading to its development is incorrect implantation [15]. The solid shell, formed by the trophoblast cells at the end of the 3rd week after fertilisation, protects the embryo against the adverse effects of increased oxygen levels and xenobiotics, which could disturb organogenesis [18]. On the other hand, growth factors contained in the secretions of the endometrial glands stimulate the development of the trophoblast [19] and a kind of dialogue arises between the decidua and the endometrial glands [20,21]. Disturbance of the balance between cytotrophoblast cells and the activity of endometrial glands may lead to improper embryo implantation, and, as a consequence, to many complications of pregnancy, including the development of pre-eclampsia.
Silver nanoparticles suppress forskolin-induced syncytialization in BeWo cells
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Yuji Sakahashi, Kazuma Higashisaka, Ryo Isaka, Rina Izutani, Jiwon Seo, Atsushi Furuta, Akemi Yamaki-Ushijima, Hirofumi Tsujino, Yuya Haga, Akitoshi Nakashima, Yasuo Tsutsumi
Placental functions such as formation of the blood–placental barrier, production of hormones, and substance transportation are maintained mainly by polynuclear syncytiotrophoblast cells (Costa 2016a). Syncytiotrophoblast cells are formed in early pregnancy by the syncytialization process, by which mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells fuze with each other (Knöfler et al. 2019). As the terminally differentiated syncytiotrophoblasts directly face to maternal blood for isolating fetal blood, they are known to be exposed with multiple type of stress (Redman, Staff, and Roberts 2022). It is therefore possible for impairment of the syncytialization process to compromise the acquisition of placental function (Costa 2016b). Moreover, disruption of placental development could lead to preeclampsia (PE) which is a pregnancy specific disease characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria (Roland et al. 2016). Here, as a new candidate for the environmental hazard in human placenta, we evaluated the effects of nanoparticles on syncytialization by using the human choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo, a widely used model of the forskolin-induced syncytialization process (Nampoothiri, Neelima, and Rao 2007; Myllynen and Vähäkangas 2013).