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The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
All cells have the same basic structure, with a plasma membrane, a nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm consists of an aqueous fluid, the cytosol, which contains a range of organelles (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum), inclusions and electrolytes (see Figure 3.1). Exceptions to this general cell structure are erythrocytes (red blood cells) and corneocytes (the cells on the surface of the epidermis of the skin), which do not contain nuclei. A third variation is found in cells of skeletal muscle, which are multinucleate, i.e., each muscle cell has more than one nucleus. There are significant differences in shape and size of cells, depending on the particular tissue type and their function. Some neurons (nerve cells) have axons that are over one metre long, whereas red blood cells are only 7µm in diameter and 2µm deep. Some types of cell have more of one type of organelle, e.g., muscle cells have many mitochondria, as they need to produce large quantities of energy.
The skeleton and muscles
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Mesenchymal cells destined to become skeletal muscle first give rise to single cells called myoblasts. These cells fuse together to form multinucleated cells (cells with many nuclei) called myotubes (Figure 14.8). As the myotube begins to accumulate the contractile proteins, its major organelles—nuclei and mitochondria—are displaced to the periphery of the myotube. Actin, myosin, and other contractile proteins are organized into subcellular structures called sarcomeres.
Genodermatoses affecting the nail
Published in Eckart Haneke, Histopathology of the NailOnychopathology, 2017
Skin biopsies demonstrate extensive suprabasal acantholysis reaching into the spinous layer and giving the epidermis the aspect of a delapidated brick wall. Corps ronds and grains are usually lacking. As in Darier disease, the histopathologic alterations in the nail are subtle and consist of occasional incomplete acantholysis. The subungual keratosis is unremarkable. Multinucleate cells are absent.
Suppression of hematopoietic cell kinase ameliorates the bone destruction associated with inflammation
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2020
Yusoon Kim, Mikihito Hayashi, Takehito Ono, Tetsuya Yoda, Hiroshi Takayanagi, Tomoki Nakashima
In vitro osteoclast differentiation was performed as described previously with a minor modification [8]. Briefly, bone marrow cells (BMCs) were collected from C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) male mice (CLEA Japan, Tokyo, Japan) and differentiated into BMMs in α-MEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) with 10% FBS and 10 ng/ml M-CSF (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) for two days. BMMs were further differentiated into osteoclasts by stimulation with 50 ng/ml RANKL (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ) and 10 ng/ml M-CSF, and were then treated with various concentrations of A-419259 trihydrochloride (Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan), FAK inhibitor 14 (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI), TG10348 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), Tofacitinib citrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and PP2 (Sigma-Aldrich) for three days. One day after the RANKL stimulation, cells were stimulated with 5 ng/ml TNF-α (R&D Systems) as previously described [9]. The culture medium was changed every second day. Osteoclastogenesis was evaluated by tartrate-resistance acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. TRAP-positive multinucleated cells (MNCs) with more than three nuclei were counted. For in vitro osteoblast differentiation, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with α-MEM with 10% FBS. After two days, cells were stimulated with osteogenic medium containing 100 mM ascorbic acid (Wako Pure Chemical), 5 mM β-glycerophosphate (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10 nM dexamethasone (Wako Pure Chemical) with or without 0.1 μM A-419259. The culture medium was changed every third day. After seven days, ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity was assessed by ALP staining.
Gastro-intestinal basidiobolomycosis in a 2-year-old boy: dramatic response to potassium iodide
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Anahita Sanaei Dashti, Amir Nasimfar, Hossein Hosseini Khorami, Gholamreza Pouladfar, Mohammad Rahim Kadivar, Bita Geramizadeh, Masoomeh Khalifeh
Diagnosis is based on imaging such as sonography, radiography, CT and endoscopy.8 Thickening of the intestinal wall as well as the presence of a mass in the colon, especially the sigmoid flexure, terminal ileum and stomach, are the most common radiological findings.2,6,9,10 The mass is likely to spread to surrounding organs with a polypoid shape or cobblestone appearance.8 These symptoms can lead to misdiagnoses (e.g. Crohn disease, cancer of the colon).2,6,9,10 Histopathological findings in basidiobolomycosis include: (i) suppurative and granulomatous inflammation, (ii) thin-walled broad hyphae surrounded by eosinophilic amorphous material (S-H combination), (iii) the presence of zygospores, and (iv) the presence of multinucleated giant cells.11 The S-HP is a morphological structure in which fungal hyphae are surrounded by eosinophilic materials and histiocytes11,12 and are visible in sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin.11 In almost all of the previous cases, histological examination was the most common diagnostic method,5 while fungus culture is considered to be the gold standard for a definitive diagnosis of B. ranarum.1,2 Of the 46 GIB cases reported up to 2012, 41.3% were paediatric. All children showed leucocytosis and marked eosinophilia; the mean WBC count was 20.68×103/L and the mean eosinophil percentage was 17.1% (all had eosinophilia). Thus, a complete blood cell count is a helpful clue to basidiobolomycosis.5
Nitric oxide modulates the responses of osteoclast formation to static magnetic fields
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2018
Jian Zhang, Chong Ding, Xiaofeng Meng, Peng Shang
The monocyte RAW264.7 cells were purchased from the Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; Shanghai, China). The cells were maintained in alpha-Minimum Essential Medium (α-MEM; Gibco, Grand Island, NY), supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Grand Island,NY) in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C. For osteoclastogenesis, RAW264.7 cells were seeded at 3000 cells/well in 96-well plates (Corning, Tewksbury, MA) and were induced in the presence of soluble mouse RANKL (50 ng/ml; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Then the cells were treated with SMFs for 4 days. Cell culture medium was changed every 48 h. On day 4, the osteoclast-like multinucleated cell formation was evaluated by TRAP staining using a Leukocyte Acid Phosphatase kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The formed osteoclasts were observed using light microscopy and osteoclast area was measured using Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/). Multinucleated cells containing >3 nuclei and positive for TRAP were counted.