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Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
The use of stem cells for the treatment of various clinical conditions has been mentioned; however, substantial clinical studies are required to confirm its exact role. MSCs have responded positively in many animal and clinical studies. The use of umbilical cord and amniotic fluid cells has received a lot of consideration as it can be used as an alternative effectively. Presently, several animal and human trials are ongoing to analyse the chances of applying stem cell therapy for regeneration and their promising results assist in understanding the regeneration potential of the body itself. However, the molecular mechanism of stem cell differentiation and its biological function should be researched thoroughly.
The Spontaneous Induction of Bone Formation by Intrinsically Osteoinductive Bioreactors for Human Patients
Published in Ugo Ripamonti, The Geometric Induction of Bone Formation, 2020
The studies of Liu et al. (Liu et al. 2016) examined whether subcellular geometry significantly influences the extent of stem cell differentiation. Using a series of micropillar arrays of poly lactide-co-glycolide, cells were grown in vitro with nuclei interspacing the pillars and deformed by cellular tractional forces on the pillars (Liu et al. 2016). A persistent nuclear deformation when mesenchymal stem cells were on high micropillars influenced the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Osteogenic cell differentiation was enhanced on micropillared arrays with significant self-deformation of cell nuclei. The study concludes that nuclear deformation and geometry on micropillars are a new cue to regulate the lineage commitment of stem cells, ultimately controlling tissue induction and cell differentiation (Liu et al. 2016).
Dentin-Pulp Complex Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Amaury Pozos-Guillén, Héctor Flores
In general, tissue engineering strategies include the evaluation of an appropriate scaffold for the regulation of cell differentiation, selection of growth factors that can promote stem cell differentiation, and an appropriate source of stem cell/progenitor cells (Hargreaves et al. 2013; Albuquerque et al. 2014) (Table 11.1). The success of tissue engineering in combination with tissue regeneration depends on the behavior and cellular activity in the biological processes developed within a structure that functions as a support, better known as scaffolds or directly at the site of the injury. The cell-cell and cell-biomaterial interaction are key factors for the induction of a specific cell behavior, together with bioactive factors that allow the formation of the desired tissue (Ortiz et al. 2019) (Fig. 11.2).
Securinine Induces Differentiation of Human Promyelocytic Leukemic HL-60 Cells through JNK-Mediated Signaling Pathway
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Jeetesh Sharma, Ankita Pandey, Sapna Sharma, Aparna Dixit
Like other cellular processes, hematopoietic stem cell differentiation is also strictly regulated by a complex network of transcription factors that function in a well-defined hierarchical set-up (48). The progenitors follow a specific expression scheme of transcription factors in order to commit to a particular lineage. The constant cross-talk among transcription factors guide precursor cells to follow the differentiation pathway. In the present study, securinine treatment resulted in a significant upregulation of PU.1 when compared to vehicle-treated cells. This is consistent with the known role of PU.1, which is recognized to be critical for both early and late stages of myeloid cells and B-lymphocytes and is markedly increased during differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells to mature myeloid and B-lymphoid cells (48). PU.1 knock out mice die due to a lack of mature myeloid and B-lymphoid cells (49). C/EBP-α and C/EBP-ε act downstream of PU.1 and regulate granulocytic differentiation. C/EBP-₂ deficient mice lack neutrophils and eosinophils but retain monocytes, lymphocytes, erythroid cells, and immature myeloblasts (50). Evidenced by the expression of monocyte surface marker, securinine treatment resulted in the differentiation of HL-60 cells toward monocytic lineages. In line with the earlier reports, we also observed significant downregulation of both C/EBP-α, C/EBP-ε genes at 96 h post-securinine treatment.
Microneedle arrays for the treatment of chronic wounds
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Lindsay Barnum, Mohamadmahdi Samandari, Tannin A. Schmidt, Ali Tamayol
Most of the studies in the field have been focused on the delivery of therapeutics including growth factors, small drug molecules, and stem cells. Stem cells in particular are of interest due to the multifunctionality of their secretome, but can carry the risk of immunogenicity and uncontrolled stem-cell differentiation. While most of the patches have been designed to execute passive, controlled release of compounds, for the treatment of chronic wounds with a dynamic environment, more controllable systems are required. Thus, two strategies have been proposed: smart materials which self-respond to the changes in their environment and active systems that can precisely control the type of drug, time of delivery, and dosage delivered. Smart material-based solutions are exciting to use, but they can carry a limited drug quantity. It is also not clear when the active molecules are consumed within the patch. Active systems are typically more expensive and bulkier than MNAs made of smart materials, but they allow enhanced control over the delivery rate.
Magnesium promotes the viability and induces differentiation of neural stem cells both in vitro and in vivo
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
Chao Wu, Lan-De Xue, Lin-Wang Su, Jian-Li Xie, Huan Jiang, Xi-Jiao Yu, Hong-Mei Liu
Previously, some efficient and simple methods to induce the stem cell differentiation were reported. Zhang et al. reported that lithium promoted NSC differentiation into NF200-positive neurons, facilitating the recovery of spinal cord injury after transplantation [5]. Magnesium was shown to play roles in proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. Elevated concentration of magnesium could enhance NSCs’ proliferation in the hippocampus, demonstrating its potential effects on the self-renewal of NSCs [6]. Meanwhile, neurite outgrowth was promoted by elevated Mg2+, further indicating that magnesium is important in neuronal differentiation [7]. Thus, it is applicable to control the viability and differentiation of NSCs in vitro or in vivo by using a relatively simple and efficient technique, beneficially applied in the cell preparation to transplantation.