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Irritation and Contact Dermatitis from Protective Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
The situation for skin irritation is similar—there is no confirmative test or analysis, and the diagnosis cannot be settled until other alternatives have been excluded. Some common causes of skin irritation in glove users are summarized in Table 13.2.
Retinoids in Psoriasis
Published in Ayse Serap Karadag, Berna Aksoy, Lawrence Charles Parish, Retinoids in Dermatology, 2019
Uwe Wollina, Piotr Brzezinski, André Koch
Skin irritation has been reported in 40%–50% of patients. Due to the irritation potential of this drug, the body surface treated should be less than 10%. Tazarotene is not recommended for mucous membranes, face, and genitalia. Tazarotene has not been approved for children. The absolute contraindications are the same as for oral retinoids. Other rare adverse effects are periungual granulomas, Koebnerization of vitiligo, and genital painful ulcerations (92–94).
Historical review of vitiligo
Published in Electra Nicolaidou, Clio Dessinioti, Andreas D. Katsambas, Hypopigmentation, 2019
Maja Kovacevic, Nika Franceschi, Mirna Situm, Andy Goren, Andrija Stanimirović, Yan Valle, Torello Lotti
In ancient Korea, sulfur and various arsenic or mercury ointments were applied locally following exposure to sunlight. Another topically applied remedy combined the juice of fig fruit and leaves, unripe walnut shells, moss, Japanese parsley, buttercups, and rice bran followed by exposure to sunlight. However, patients were frequently overexposed to sunlight, resulting in extreme sunburn and worsening of depigmented lesions. Other methods included the use of garlic, ginger, or vinegar to induce skin irritation. Herbal remedies containing ginseng, black sesame, white peony, sweet flag plant, barberry root, and chaulmoogra seeds were administered orally and depended on the type of vitiligo. It was suggested that they normalized the immune imbalance of the body. Medicine consisting of parsley and angelica induced photosensitization following exposure to sunlight, as they contain furocoumarins. Other treatments included acupuncture along with topically applied herbs, while red bean powder was used as cosmetic camouflage.9
Utility of hairless rats as a model for predicting transdermal pharmacokinetics in humans
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Syunsuke Yamamoto, Noriyasu Sano, Chiharu Fukushi, Yuta Arai, Masatoshi Karashima, Hideki Hirabayashi, Nobuyuki Amano
Plasma concentrations of each test drug following intravenous administration and dermal application in hairless rats are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. Skin irritation was not observed during this experiment. The temperature of the skin surface to which test substances were applied was approximately 32 − 34 °C. The plasma concentrations of nicotine, rivastigmine and diclofenac reached steady states after the Nicotinell TTS® 20 patch, Rivastach® patch 18 mg, and Voltaren® tape 30 mg were applied to the skin, respectively. In contrast, a continuous increase in the plasma concentration of lidocaine was observed even after the Penles® tape 18 mg and the EMLA® cream were removed 4 and 2 h after administration, respectively (Table 3). Although the bioavailability of bisoprolol and nicotine was more than two-fold lower in rats than in humans, drug bioavailability generally correlated well between humans and hairless rats (Figure 1).
Exploring the potential of minoxidil tretinoin liposomal based hydrogel for topical delivery in the treatment of androgenic alopecia
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Pratiksha Kochar, Kritika Nayak, Shreya Thakkar, Suryanarayan Polaka, Dignesh Khunt, Manju Misra
As shown in Figure 6(C), there was no sign of irritation observed in any of the animals which suggested that the developed liposomes along with hydrogel loaded with those liposomes are non-irritant and exhibit no/lesser toxicity. Skin irritation is complex biological sequence involving variety of cytokines which usually manifest as erythema, redness or itching etc61. There are several in vitro and in vivo tests or protocols available today but among them, Draize’s test has been widely accepted and approved test for skin irritation62. When developed formulations were applied on rat skin, they did not show any irritation similar to one applied with marketed formulations. Plain drug solution, individual drug loaded liposomes and liposomes loaded with combination of drugs; none showed any visual sign of irritation. TRET is well known for its irritancy potential. Still no significant irritation was observed even in hydrogel loaded with MXD and TRET. It must be attributed by hydrogel; the dosage form. As all were applied as hydrogel, it could be inferred that the dosage form itself had protecting impact on site of application63.
Tier-based skin irritation testing of hair cleansing conditioners and their constituents
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2019
Ernest S. Fung, Rachel M. Novick, Derek A. Drechsel, Kevin M. Towle, Dennis J. Paustenbach, Andrew D. Monnot
Two profiles were conducted for skin irritation: 1) skin irritation/corrosion exclusion rules by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) and 2) skin irritation/corrosion inclusion rules by BfR. The inclusion rules include 40 structural fragments that predict skin irritation/corrosion. The exclusion rules for skin irritation/corrosion are based on physicochemical cut-off values to identify chemicals that do not exhibit skin irritation or corrosion potential. The parameters used for defining skin irritation rules are lipid solubility, surface tension, octanol water partition coefficient, vapour pressure, aqueous solubility, melting point, and molecular weight7.