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Cluster Headaches
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
There are no clear-cut treatments for preventing cluster headache attacks, although steroids and a few other drugs may be effective in some cases (Greener, 2021). In lieu of prevention, pain may be reduced during an attack using a variety of treatments. Two of the more effective techniques are breathing from an oxygen tank and the use of nasal spray or injections containing serotonin-affecting drugs called triptans (Pearson et al., 2019). There are also several less effective methods, such as using caffeine or using capsaicin. Capsaicin is a component of hot peppers that gives them their spiciness. Putting a component of hot sauce in the nose first causes burning, as you might imagine, but in some cases then leads to a reduction in pain (Fusco et al., 1994). One type of medication that doesn't seem to work well at all is traditional opioid-based painkillers like morphine (Pearson et al., 2019).
Chemesthesis, Thermogenesis, and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Hilton M. Hudson, Mary Beth Gallant-Shean, Alan R. Hirsch
A critical review of the sensory mechanisms involved in thermogenesis by Ludy, et al. tables of which are reproduced here, is worthy of the readers’ attention (Ludy, Moore, and Mattes 2012). They performed a metanalysis of published studies and cautiously concluded that capsaicin has a dose-dependent effect in its thermogenic action. Ludy also addressed the anorexigenic action of capsaicin (Ludy, Moore, and Mattes 2012). Their review suggested that capsaicin reduces desire to consume a wide spectrum of food flavors including: fatty, hot, sweet, and salty; capsaicin also causes a general reduction in desire to eat as manifest by reduction in preoccupation with food and hunger and increase in satiety; although other studies found just the opposite, with no effect on appetite and consumption (See Tables 8.2 and 3).
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Besides some beneficial effects of chili peppers cited above, they possess some main adverse reactions due to their hot, burning flavor on digestive tube, mouth, throat, and eyes. The substance responsible is capsaicin. In high amounts, the hot Capsicum annuum variety can be harmful for the digestive system as it can cause irritation and inflammation to mucous membrane of the mouth, stomach, throat, and intestines. It should not be used on open wounds or abrasions, or near the eyes (236, 239). It has antagonistic effects on α-adrenergic blockers, clonidine, and methyldopa (239). The hot varieties are generally not recommended for young children because they do not yet have well-developed digestive systems (236). High chili pepper consumption can increase risk of cancer, especially in the mouth, throat, gallbladder, and stomach. To avoid these dangerous effects of fresh red chili peppers, replace them by their sauce, their powder paprika, or another variety such as bell pepper.
A comprehensive systematic review of the effectiveness of Akkermansia muciniphila, a member of the gut microbiome, for the management of obesity and associated metabolic disorders
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Neda Roshanravan, Sepideh Bastani, Helda Tutunchi, Behnam Kafil, Omid Nikpayam, Naimeh Mesri Alamdari, Amir Hadi, Simin Sotoudeh, Samad Ghaffari, Alireza Ostadrahimi
Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is an alkaloid produced mainly from the genus Capsicum. It is a bioactive molecule of food and also of medicinal importance. The anti-obesity activity of capsaicin was evaluated by Baboota et al. (2014) in HFD-fed mice. The researchers suggested that an oral administration of capsaicin may increase thermogenesis, decrease body weight, and increase the intestinal Akkermansia abundance in mice. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in prebiotics to manage obesity as non-digestive food ingredients. The beneficial effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), as well-known prebiotics, have been evaluated in animals and human studies (Everard et al.2011, 2013, 2014). Everard et al. (2013) showed that oligo-fructose administration to genetically obese mice increased their A. muciniphila abundance. Similarly, Burokas et al. (2017) reported a significant increase in the relative abundance of Akkermansia following FOS/GOS treatment in mice.
Pharmacological management of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: an update of the clinical literature
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Guillermo Burillo-Putze, John R. Richards, Consuelo Rodríguez-Jiménez, Alejandro Sanchez-Agüera
Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of CHS has been controversial, as many clinicians continue to use standard antiemetics in multiple and escalating doses rather than consider alternative agents. Just treating CHS patients’ symptoms and not providing recommendations regarding cannabis cessation or mitigation may lead to continued cannabis use with further episodes of hyperemesis. This risk is particularly important in the case of capsaicin, as it is an over-the-counter product. However, even with effective home treatments such as hydrothermotherapy, more patients are turning to EDs for treatment of acute CHS episodes. It is for this reason that EDs develop protocols to refer these patients to multidisciplinary substance use disorder units. Based on extensive clinical experience and myriad systematic reviews of the evidence regarding CHS, classic antiemetics may be tried initially, but if unsuccessful, intravenous agents such as haloperidol or benzodiazepines should be used thereafter. Other options, such as droperidol or propranolol, should also be considered. We anticipate an increase in future clinical trials regarding alternative pharmacotherapy of CHS. Treatment with topical capsaicin is an effective and safe therapeutic option. Capsaicin should be applied as soon as there is a presumptive diagnosis of CHS after explaining its local side effects to the patient and obtaining consent. Patients may also self-treat at home using topical capsaicin in lieu of coming to the ED.
Capsaicin has potent anti-oxidative effects in vivo through a mechanism which is non-receptor mediated
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Ankita Chaudhary, Jalaj Kumar Gour, Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
Capsaicin which is so commonly consumed is reported to render potential health benefits. Considering the striking disparity in capsaicin consumption across the globe, the health profile of people with a diet high on capsaicin can be hypothesized to be different from people who consume less or no capsaicin. Biological systems are regularly exposed to exogenous and endogenous oxidants. Despite the antioxidant defence systems, elevated levels of oxidative damage have been detected in a wide range of human, animal, microbial and plant systems which may be due to increased oxidant formation or exposure, a decrease or failure of defence systems, or both, giving rise to a condition of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results in progressive cellular architectural alterations. Modulation of various cellular molecular pathways by reactive free radicals generated during conditions of oxidative insults result in abnormal modifications of macromolecules, the subsequent accumulation of which is toxic and is responsible for the pathogenesis of various diseases. Our results indicate that capsaicin as a dietary supplement can be useful in counteracting oxidative stress.