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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Two areas of considerable interest are utilizing diet and resolvins (synthetic and natural) as adjuncts to periodontal therapy. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (resolvin precursor) have well-documented anti-inflammatory properties and are utilized in the treatment of periodontal disease.120,121 There is emerging evidence that dietary supplementation with fish oil may be of some benefit.122 A cost-effective adjunctive therapy to the management of periodontal disease could be dietary supplementation with fish oil.123–125 Several studies report the clinical benefit is enhanced when combined with low-dose aspirin.126–128 The addition of aspirin to the treatment regime is based on its ability to significantly increase the production of stable resolvins.129 This has been shown to be of significant benefit in patients with type 2 diabetes, providing clinical and immunological benefits.130 In this context, resolvin E1 has been shown to regulate inflammation at the tissue and cellular levels. It has been demonstrated that by resolving experimentally induced inflammation and periodontitis, damaged bone is able to regenerate in the absence of any adjunctive antimicrobial or regenerative therapies.71
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Since the human body lacks the enzymes needed to synthesize the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), α-linolenic (ALA) and linoleic acids (LA) in the diet are its only source. The rate of conversion of α-linolenic omega-3 fatty acid (ALA) into DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is decelerated because of the decreased activity of the Δ6 desaturase in the human body. That is why only 0.2–2% of the dietary ALA is converted into DHA and EPA, while the rest undergoes β-oxidation (102). Therefore, dietary intake of EPA and DHA from fish and crustaceans is needed. EPA and DHA omega-3 acids are also recognized as precursors for the synthesis of novel specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs include resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Resolvins are synthesized from both EPA and DHA, while maresins and protectins are synthesized from DHA (95). First, EPA and DHA decrease the production of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids; then, SPMs activate the resolution of inflammation (95). Hence, a lack of the omega-3 PUFAs, especially EPA and DHA, may not favor resolution of inflammation and may, in fact, promote the pathogenesis of various diseases in which inflammation is involved. Therefore, increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids may decrease inflammation.
Selected Supplements That Support Glycemic Control and Reduce Chronic Inflammation
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
EPA and DHA give rise to resolvins, which are anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving. Resolvins are recently identified molecules that are generated from n-3 PUFA precursors and can orchestrate the timely resolution of inflammation in model systems.
Macrophage polarization: an effective approach to targeted therapy of inflammatory bowel disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Yaoyao Du, Lan Rong, Yuanhua Cong, Lan Shen, Ning Zhang, Bing Wang
Resolvins, a group of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) possess anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions [212]. According to the types of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) that are the precursors of resolvins, the resolvins family can be divided into E-series resolvins (RvE1, RvE2, and RvE3) derived from eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and D-series resolvins (RvD1, RvD2, RvD3,RvD4, and RvD5) that are derived from docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid [213,214]. Resolvins can induce specialized biological effects by binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) [214]. For example, RvE1 and partial RvE2 can bind to ChemR23 on the surface of M1 macrophages to enhance the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages and reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [215,216]. Furthermore, RvD5 and RvD3 can promote the polarization of M2 macrophages after activating GPR32 [214,217]. Although many animal experiments have confirmed that resolvins can play an active role in the process of inflammation regression, the related clinical studies are relatively scarce. At present, fish oil rich in ω-3 PUFAs has been proved to have the effect of alleviating inflammatory reaction in many clinical trials [218,219]. In addition, besides RvD and RvE, a variety of new series of resolvins were found in different stages of inflammatory reaction [220]. It provides a new idea for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases and resolvins are expected to become a novel anti-inflammatory drug.
Nutritional intervention in chronic pain: an innovative way of targeting central nervous system sensitization?
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Jo Nijs, Sevilay Tumkaya Yilmaz, Ömer Elma, Joe Tatta, Patrick Mullie, Luc Vanderweeën, Peter Clarys, Tom Deliens, Iris Coppieters, Nathalie Weltens, Lukas Van Oudenhove, Eva Huysmans, Anneleen Malfliet
Resolvins are a final potential nutritional therapeutic route of targeting neuroinflammation in chronic pain inspired by animal studies. In addition to pro-and anti-inflammatory mediators, resolvins represent a group of mediators involved in the active process of resolution of inflammation. Resolvins from the resolving D-series are derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and hold more powerful analgesic properties than the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids themselves [81]. Their analgesic properties are believed to be mediated in part due to glial modulation [82]. In male, but not in female mice, resolvin D5 inhibited chemotherapy-induced neuropathic and inflammatory pain [81]. Is it possible to ‘replace’ intrathecal injection of resolvins by a nutritional intervention that increases the availability of resolvins in patients having chronic pain?
Resolvin D1 as a novel anti-inflammatory marker in manic, depressive and euthymic states of bipolar disorder
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2020
Burcu Kok Kendirlioglu, Pelin Unalan Ozpercin, Ozge Yuksel Oksuz, Sule Sozen, Refik Cihnioglu, Tevfik Kalelioglu, Mehmet Cem Ilnem, Nesrin Karamustafalioglu
Our study has some limitations. First of all, the absence of longitudinal data to help investigating the behavior of serum RvD1 over time along with the clinical course is an important limitation. Therefore, long-term follow-up studies are needed. The reason why this study included only male individuals is to avoid cyclical changes in hormones thus the inflammatory markers. It is previously reported that estrogen and progesterone suppress the microglial TNF-α secretion [27]. A study investigating a possible relationship between affective symptoms and menstrual cycles recruited among female patients with BD reported that there was a significant correlation between the menstrual changes and affective symptoms in 65% of females [28]. However, a population solely of males is not a true representative of the general population. In our study evaluating only RvD1 as a marker limits us in interpreting the data that we find. The low number of participants is also a limitation of our study. Resolvin is partly synthesized from omega-3 in our body and this situation makes it partly essential. Therefore, dietary consumption of omega-3 may have an important impact on the concentration of resolvin. This may be considered as one of our limitations, since the dietary habits of our patients were not recorded.