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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Biological resolution of inflammation is driven largely by resolvins, lipoxins, maresins and protectins. Collectively coined specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), these endogenous molecules are oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids biosynthesized by enzymes lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases. These chemically sensitive molecules produced in nano- to pico-gram amounts in vivo exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving bioactions. They help clear bacterial infections, while reducing pain and displaying bioactivities toward host defense, organ protection and tissue remodeling.118 Statins, like aspirin, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and bone-preserving actions by upregulating production of SPMs. Emerging evidence from novel drugs, including SPMs and complement inhibitors, suggests future availability of adjunctive therapeutic strategies for the management of periodontal disease.119
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Since the human body lacks the enzymes needed to synthesize the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), α-linolenic (ALA) and linoleic acids (LA) in the diet are its only source. The rate of conversion of α-linolenic omega-3 fatty acid (ALA) into DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is decelerated because of the decreased activity of the Δ6 desaturase in the human body. That is why only 0.2–2% of the dietary ALA is converted into DHA and EPA, while the rest undergoes β-oxidation (102). Therefore, dietary intake of EPA and DHA from fish and crustaceans is needed. EPA and DHA omega-3 acids are also recognized as precursors for the synthesis of novel specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs include resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Resolvins are synthesized from both EPA and DHA, while maresins and protectins are synthesized from DHA (95). First, EPA and DHA decrease the production of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids; then, SPMs activate the resolution of inflammation (95). Hence, a lack of the omega-3 PUFAs, especially EPA and DHA, may not favor resolution of inflammation and may, in fact, promote the pathogenesis of various diseases in which inflammation is involved. Therefore, increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids may decrease inflammation.
Infection-driven periodontal disease
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Thomas E. Van Dyke, Mike Curtis
Lipoxins derived from arachidonic acid comprise the endogenous fatty acid resolution pathways. There is also a broad array of dietary fatty acid pathways exemplified by the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that also participate in active resolution of inflammation. Simply stated, PUFAs are an alternate substrate for endogenous lipoxygenases to produce other classes of resolving molecules with properties similar to lipoxins termed resolvins that act through unique receptor mechanisms at the cellular level (Figure 29.4). This new genus of lipid compounds has been termed specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs). The term “active” in this context cannot be overstated. SPMs bind to specific receptors exerting their actions through feed-forward mechanisms, not inhibition. The potential use of agonists to resolve inflammation, as opposed to enzyme inhibitors or receptor antagonists to block pro-inflammation, has led to the emergence of the new field of Resolution Pharmacology.
Impact of resolvin mediators in the immunopathology of diabetes and wound healing
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
David Shofler, Vikrant Rai, Sarah Mansager, Kira Cramer, Devendra K. Agrawal
Specialized pro-resolving mediators may provide therapeutic benefit, correcting unbalanced inflammation [6]. Efforts have explored the use of these mediators for metabolic improvements both in human and in animal models. For example, resolution stimulation with SPMs may restore defective macrophage phagocytosis [2]. This in turn aids in the acceleration of wound healing capabilities, primarily within the context of diabetes. These apoptotic events are critical factors when considering the secondary necrosis and tissue damage in an already unstable and fragile environment [5]. The traditional focus for managing diabetes has been concerned with the management and control of glucose. However, the focus is not necessarily on the resolution of inflammation, considered to be the underlying pathogenesis of nonhealing diabetic wounds. Recent efforts have elucidated the role of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators that aim to resolve inflammation, protect organs, and stimulate tissue regeneration [7]. The purpose of this review is to critically discuss the use of resolvins in the setting of inflammation in diabetic wound healing.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and endocannabinoids in health and disease
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2018
Hércules Rezende Freitas, Alinny Rosendo Isaac, Renato Malcher-Lopes, Bruno Lourenço Diaz, Isis Hara Trevenzoli, Ricardo Augusto De Melo Reis
PUFAs, other than ARA, are also known to modulate inflammation. Omega-3 PUFAs, such as EPA and DHA, may bind directly to membrane-coupled or intracellular receptors to elicit cell responses. DHA binding to GPR120, a GPCR, or to PPARγ, a nuclear receptor family member, inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kB activation and inflammatory cytokine production.244,245 However, the high concentration favors their role as precursor for more potent downstream mediators. Metabolism of omega-3 PUFAs competes for the same enzymes and inhibits the production of ARA-derived mediators246 and generates lower potency mediators such as EPA-derived 5-series leukotrienes.247 Thus, these were initially thought to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of EPA and DHA. However, it was shown that omega-3 PUFAs are precursors of a family of lipoxygenases-derived mediators with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties. DHA can be converted to Resolvins of D series and Protectin, while EPA is the precursor for E series Resolvins. Lipoxins, Resolvins, Protectins, and DHA-derived maresins are members of specialized proresolving mediators (SPM). The generation of increased SPMs and reduced Leukotrienes is a central event in lipid mediator class switch that limits progress and promotes the resolution phase of inflammation.248,249
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids focusing on eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases: a review of the state-of-the-art
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Yasuhiro Watanabe, Ichiro Tatsuno
In this article, we have reviewed the research on the roles of omega-3 PUFAs in CVD, including the progress made in understanding the molecular mechanisms and the recent large-scale clinical trials. One of the representative physiological effects of omega-3 PUFAs is their anti-inflammatory properties, which are of great clinical importance. In recent years, research on potent anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), has attracted much attention. Some human studies have examined SPMs following supplementation of omega-3 PUFAs, and future clinical trials should focus on the roles of these anti-inflammatory mediators in inflammatory and atherosclerotic diseases.