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Omega-3 PUFA and L-Arginine for Longer Life Span with a Longer Health Span
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Go to the PDF version, and you will see their second table: “Comparisons are *children 3–19 years vs adults 20+ years,†early childhood and middle childhood vs adolescents, and‡adults vs seniors. Sum LC omega-3 represents EPA+DPA+DHA. BMI, body mass index; DHA, docosapentaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; LC, long chain; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.”
The dietary requirements of infants
Published in Claire Tuck, Complementary Feeding, 2022
Previous COMA1 recommendations for polyunsaturated fat intake for adults of 1.2% of total dietary energy, 1% as linoleic acid (omega-6) and 0.2% as linolenic acid (omega-3), were amended by SACN and COT49 to include 0.45 g per day of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 or 22 carbon atoms, as found in oily fish (eicosapentaenoic acid (20 carbon atoms), docosapentaenoic acid (22 carbon atoms), and docosahexaenoic acid (22 carbon atoms)). However, no recommendations have been made in the United Kingdom for intake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fats for infants or children under 5 years of age.
Lipidomic Insight into Membrane Remodeling in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Large observational studies link the consumption of n-3 PUFAs with a lower prevalence of dementia [105,136]. In a French study involving individuals over 65 years of age, an inverse relationship between fish consumption and overall risk of dementia over a 4-year time frame in ApoE4 noncarriers (80% of subjects) was demonstrated [137]. Additionally, numerous studies have inversely connected blood levels of DHA to MCI and dementia. Quite spectacular are the results of plasma phosphatidylcholine fatty acid content measured in 899 subjects with an average age of 76 and no dementia at baseline. The re-assessed cognitive ability 9 years later revealed that individuals in the top quartile for baseline plasma PC-DHA levels had a 47% lower risk of all-dementia (grouped with AD) versus the other three quartiles combined. No other fatty acid was significantly correlated (including EPA), and food intake surveys revealed that this quartile had an average DHA intake of 180 mg per day. Cherubini et al. (2007) [138] also reported higher levels of plasma DHA in cognitively normal subjects compared to those with dementia in an aging Italian cohort. Interestingly, Milte et al. (2011) [139] detected higher levels of n-6 PUFA docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5 n-6) in the erythrocytes of MCI patients relative to healthy controls. More recently, Yin et al. (2015) [140] reported lower blood levels of DHA in amnestic and multidomain MCI patients compared to normal control subjects. These are intriguing findings because the ω-6 DPA replaces DHA in the brain during DHA deficiency in an inefficient attempt to retain function.
Nutraceuticals-based therapeutic approach: recent advances to combat pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Marjan Talebi, Eleni Kakouri, Mohsen Talebi, Petros A. Tarantilis, Tahereh Farkhondeh, Selen İlgün, Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Saeed Samarghandian
In a double-blind clinical study, AD patients were given DHA and EPA capsules. The authors, after treatment of 6 months, observed the differences between the fatty acid levels in CSF and plasma. Omega-3 treated patients presented lower levels of EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA n-3, DHA, and fatty acids (n-FA) than the placebo group. Besides, AA, docosatetraenoic acid, and n-6/n-3 FAs ratio were also reduced with respect to that of the control group. However, inflammation markers were not influenced [192]. A similar study was performed by Arellanes et al., (2020) where groups of APOE4 carriers and no-carriers were compared. Although the levels of DHA and EPA levels either at plasma or in the CSF were higher, no significant differences were observed between the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) carriers and non-carriers [193].
The associations of circulating common and uncommon polyunsaturated fatty acids and modification effects on dietary quality with all-cause and disease-specific mortality in NHANES 2003–2004 and 2011–2012
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Yuntao Zhang, Xiaoyu Guo, Jian Gao, Chunbo Wei, Shengnan Zhao, Zhipeng Liu, Hu Sun, Jiemei Wang, Lin Liu, Ying Li, Tianshu Han, Changhao Sun
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (LA, n-6), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, n-3), arachidonic acid (AA, n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n-3) have been widely reported to play an essential role in regulating several physiological processes, such as inflammation, glucose regulation, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. All these physiological processes are closely related to the development of metabolic disorders. An increasing number of suggestions recommended the partial replacement of dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat, especially n-6 and n-3 PUFAs, to lower the risk of some metabolic disorders or cardiovascular disease, which are the major cause of death [1,2]. The beneficial influence of the replacement is mostly based on serum LDL concentrations [3]. In addition, results from several different studies recently showed that PUFAs n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn3, n-3), which paid less attention before, could also benefit to cardiometabolic health in a different way to the other long-chain n-3 PUFAs2 [4]. Similarly, another fatty acid, stearidonic acid (SDA, n-3), indicated that single-dose SDA-rich echium oil increases plasma EPA, DPAn3, and DHA concentrations, which might be a promising alternative plant source for long-chain n-3 PUFAs compared to ALA [5–7].
Metabonomics analysis of liver in rats administered with chronic low-dose acrylamide
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Yanli Liu, Ruijuan Wang, Kai Zheng, Youwei Xin, Siqi Jia, Xiujuan Zhao
AA (99.8% purity) was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). UPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Dikma Science and Technology Co. Ltd. (Los Angeles, California, USA). UPLC-grade formic acid was obtained from Beijing Reagent Corporation (Beijing, China). Standards of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) (98% purity), stearidonyl carnitine (97% purity), and cervonyl carnitine (97% purity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Standard of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (98% purity) was obtained from American Radiolabeled Chemicals Inc. (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Standards of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (98% purity), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (98% purity) were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). Standards of tauro-b-muricholic acid (98% purity), taurodeoxycholic acid (98% purity), and linoleyl carnitine (98% purity) were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, CA). The kits for total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were all obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) was purchased from Shanghai Jianglai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was purified using a Milli-Q ultrapure water system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Leucine enkephalin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). All other chemicals and reagents were analytical-grade products.