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Alternative Tumor-Targeting Strategies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
The mechanism of action of temoporfin is similar to that described for porfimer sodium, and involves the production of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals which exert a cytotoxic effect. Temoporfin is administered by slow intravenous infusion over at least six minutes, and injection site pain, extravasation, local hemorrhage, skin necrosis, and scarring near the injection site can occur. As with all PDT agents, photosensitivity is a major problem, and patients can remain photosensitive for several weeks after treatment. As with porfimer sodium, sunscreens offer no protection, and so exposure of eyes and skin to bright indoor light or direct sunlight should be avoided for at least 15 days after treatment. In addition, it is recommended that prolonged exposure of the injection site arm to direct sunlight should be avoided for six months after treatment and, if extravasation should occur, this area of skin must be completely protected from light for three months. It is also recommended that ophthalmic slit-lamp examination should not be carried out for 30 days after administration. Not surprisingly, temoporfin is contraindicated in patients with porphyria or other diseases exacerbated by light.
Sulfanilamide
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
In the studies among photosensitive individuals, far more positive photopatch tests were observed than conventional patch tests (see the section ‘Photosensitivity’ below). The issue of relevance of the positive patch tests was hardly ever addressed.
Generalized Epilepsies
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Since it has been shown that sleep deprivation and premature awakening are precipitating factors, treatment should include regulation of the sleeping-waking rhythm and avoidance of all circumstances that disturb natural sleep. Photosensitive patients should be encouraged to avoid potentially dangerous stimuli. One might expect that patients with early diagnosis or mild disorders with few seizures might benefit sufficiently from changes in behavior and remain free of seizures without medication. However, almost all of our patients who initially tried to control seizures without medication ultimately requested medical treatment after finding that continuous avoidance of precipitating factors was more restrictive than was regular ingestion of AEDs.
Advancements in ocular gene therapy delivery: vectors and subretinal, intravitreal, and suprachoroidal techniques
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Kyle D Kovacs, Thomas A Ciulla, Szilárd Kiss
One appealing gene therapy strategy is gene-independent gene augmentation, such as optogenetics, which facilitates a novel means of visual transduction, independent of the native retinal photochemical process. In this strategy, bipolar or ganglion cells can be rendered sensitive to light by inducing expression of photosensitive opsin leading to an atypical photosensitization [55]. Another approach is gene-based regenerative medicine in which epigenetic reprogramming is induced in the Oct2, Sox2, and Klf4 (OSK) system via viral vectors. This leads to a reversal of age-related DNA methylation and regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons, showing reversal of vision loss in mouse studies to date [56]. Certainly, further non-human primate and ultimately human clinical work is needed to validate genetic manipulation of the OSK system.
Early menarche in visually impaired girls: evidence and hypothesis of light-dark cycle disruption and blindness effect on puberty onset
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Jorge A. Barrero, Ismena Mockus
Photoperiodicity integrates a physiological response to changes in the regular pattern of the light-dark cycle. Therefore it is understood as an important evolutionary mechanism that has allowed mammals to adapt to the variations in day and night length during different seasons of the year (Oster et al. 2002). Still, evidence for photoperiodic behavior in humans is inconclusive; it has been observed that the reproductive patterning could be affected by daylight exposure (Bronson 2004), yet this photosensitive regulation appears to have attenuated over time (Wehr 2001). Photoperiodism conveys information from the light-dark cycle and photic influx via neuroendocrine signals that converge on melatonin secretion in the pineal gland (Arendt and Middleton 2018; Gorman 2020). The photoperiodic modulation of the HPG axis has been largely attributed to this neurohormone (Bellastella et al. 2014), and while melatonin has shown to be a potential neuromodulator involved in various aspects of female reproduction, its effect on puberty timing remains somewhat unclear (Boafo et al. 2019; Olcese 2020).
Six week evaluation of the potential for topical desoximetasone 0.25% spray to induce photoallergic skin reaction
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Nupur U. Patel, Asha Gowda, Alexandra Grammenos, Omobola Onikoyi, Steven R. Feldman
In the past, topical corticosteroids have been described to have photosensitizing potential (7). There has been a report of a progressively severe photosensitive skin reaction in a woman with small-plaque psoriasis treated with topical desoximetasone 0.25% emollient cream followed by 40 min of sun exposure (8). Further investigation with photopatch testing revealed a similar reaction to treatment with topical desoximetasone 0.25% ointment and 40 min of sun exposure (8). All subjects treated with desoximetasone 0.25% spray and irradiation in this study showed no increased risk of a photoallergic reaction and experienced at most minimal localized. In addition, there was no evidence of a photosensitive skin reaction secondary to treatment with vehicle, which may be the distinguishing element affecting the potency and overall risks of a preparation.