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Cutaneous Photosensitization
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Phototoxicity is a light-induced, nonimmunologic, skin response to a photoactive chemical. The route of exposure to the photoactive chemical may be by direct application to the target tissue or indirectly via the circulatory system following ingestion or parenteral administration. Phototoxic reactions resemble primary irritation reactions in that they may be elicited following a single exposure, in contrast to photoallergic reactions which require an induction period prior to elicitation of the response.
Influence of Light on Essential Oil Constituents
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Marie-Christine Cudlik, Gerhard Buchbauer
Ultimately, there are several different methods available for the assessment of phototoxicity. All include a certain human or animal cell line, the application of the substance to be tested plus treatment with irradiation, and subsequently a test on cell viability to determine the effect. When the in vitro phototoxicity assay shows positive results, further testing is required, utilizing reconstituted 3D human skin models or in vivo preclinical trials (Maibach and Honari, 2014).
In Vitro Methods: Alternatives to Animal Testing
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Dayane Pifer Luco, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Heather A.E. Benson, Patricia Santos Lopes
Phototoxicity is defined as an acute toxic response from a substance applied to the body, which is either elicited or increased after subsequent exposure to light, or that is induced by skin irradiation after systemic administration of a substance (OECD 432, 2004). The test was accepted in 2004 and is applied to identify the phototoxic potential of a test substance induced by the excited chemical after exposure to light.
Photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles: the development of the standardized measurement for physiological conditions
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Vytas Reipa, Nam Wong Song, Minjeong Kwak, Min Beom Heo, Tae Geol Lee, Paul Westerhoff, Yuqiang Bi, Blaza Toman, Vincent A. Hackley, Haruhisa Kato, Yosuke Tabei, Kanokwan Nontapot, Yonghyun Choi, Jonghoon Choi
A broad range of nanomaterials, currently used as photocatalysts, UV light blockers in sunscreens, display materials as well as in nanotherapeutics are produced in large quantities (TiO2, ZnO, WO3, CeO2, quantum dots, etc.) and can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light exposure. Phototoxicity can be further categorized as photo-irritation, photo-allergy and photo-genotoxicity. Assessment of these effects require dedicated in vitro and in vivo assays developed for soluble chemicals (Ceridono et al., 2012, Maurer 1987), and photocatalytic activity (PCA) has been identified by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as one of the seventeen physicochemical parameters of MNMs relevant to environmental safety and human health (Yin et al. 2014).
Antifungal agents and the kidney: pharmacokinetics, clinical nephrotoxicity, and interactions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Athanasios Tragiannidis, Anastasia Gkampeta, Maria Vousvouki, Eleni Vasileiou, Andreas H. Groll
The drug is generally well tolerated, with visual disturbances (dose related and reversible), fever, rash, hepatic abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and headache being the most commonly reported adverse effects [104,105]. Neurotoxicity has also been reported, presented as visual or auditory hallucinations, altered mental status, agitation and involuntary myotonic movements [106,107]. Phototoxicity, squamous cell carcinomas, melanomas, and alopecia have been observed during long-term treatment. Mild-to-moderate increases in hepatic transaminases and alkaline phosphatase are not infrequent [108–110], and careful monitoring is advised as more serious hepatic adverse events including liver failure have been reported [8].
Safe Essential Oil Practice in Cancer Centers
Published in Oncology Issues, 2018
Tisha Throne Jones, Debra Reis
Topical application safety centers on phototoxicity, irritation, and sensitization. Phototoxicity occurs when a photosensitizing oil is applied to the skin and is exposed to natural or artificial ultraviolet light, resulting in potential skin pigmentation changes.10,12 Photosensitivity can be a concern with cold-pressed citrus oils, such as lemon.13 Skin irritation is usually an immediate reaction and appears as redness, blistering, or a burn and is usually a result of an essential oil high in phenols or aldehydes being applied to the skin.13 To stop the reaction, immediately apply vegetable oil or milk (e.g., dilution) to the exposed skin.5