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ARDS and ALI
Published in T.M. Craft, P.M. Upton, Key Topics In Anaesthesia, 2021
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of respiratory failure associated with severe hypoxia and low respiratory compliance. The characteristic radiological changes are of widespread pulmonary infiltrates. Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) measurements may be low or normal. The plasma oncotic pressure is usually normal. The reported annual incidence of ARDS is variable, 5:100 000 being quoted in the UK, but 75:100 000 in the USA. This reflects differing thresholds for diagnosis.
The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Albumin is the most abundant of the plasma proteins. If albumin levels are low, there is a fall in colloid oncotic pressure, resulting in fluid leaking out of the circulation into the tissues. This is one cause of oedema.
PlasmaThe Non-cellular Components of Blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The plasma proteins exert an oncotic pressure (28 mmHg), which contributes to the total osmotic pressure (5610 mmHg) of plasma. Plasma oncotic pressure is important in the control of fluid balance between the vascular and the interstitial compartments. Quantitatively, albumin is the most important plasma protein for oncotic pressure because of its low molecular weight and high concentration, contributing to 80% of colloid oncotic pressure. The other plasma proteins, globulin and fibrinogen, contribute 20%.
A Review of Lens Biomechanical Contributions to Presbyopia
Published in Current Eye Research, 2023
During fiber cell compaction and water loss fiber cell protein concentration increases. This process occurs over time and results can be seen in more nuclear lens cells.46,124 At higher concentrations lens proteins are more likely to interact and could bind together more frequently. Additionally, degraded protein products and insoluble protein fractions, which are more prevalent in nuclear portions of the lens, are known to associate with cytoskeletal elements of fiber cells. Truncated crystallin protein elements, small peptides associated with beta and gamma crystallin fragments, and insoluble protein fractions all interact tightly with fiber cell cytoskeletal elements, intermediate filament proteins, and membrane associated proteins.33 Membrane associated processes of fiber cells, such as organized control of sodium ion flow in and out of the cell, create microcirculation gradients within the lens. These gradients can be utilized to control water content in the fiber cell, cell volume, protein concentration, and thus other properties like GRIN. Oncotic pressure between concentric fiber cell layers is also generated by control of cellular colloidal contents which is determined by the cytoplasmic makeup of each fiber cell. This oncotic pressure influences cellular water content as a result of cellular protein content. In this case, the concentration of protein leads to water loss, not the other way around.124
Albumin and Survival in Extremity Metastatic Bone Disease: An Analysis of Two Independent Datasets
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Quirina C.B.S. Thio, Aditya V. Karhade, Alicia Pham, Paul T. Ogink, Marco L. Ferrone, Joseph H. Schwab
Serum albumin is produced by the liver and has multiple important functions in the circulatory system; It acts as a carrier protein for several ligands such as fatty acids, steroids, amino acids, and pharmaceuticals, and is essential for maintaining the colloid osmotic pressure (12). Albumin has previously been studied as marker for nutritional status and has been found to be associated with mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing surgery and patients hospitalized for critical illness (13, 14). Subsequently, albumin is also expected to be an important prognostic factor in patients with extremity metastatic disease. It is, however, absent in most existing models aimed to predict survival in these patients. We conducted this study to shed more light on the value of preoperative albumin in predicting survival for patients with bone metastasis of the extremity (6–8).
Impaired albumin function: a novel potential indicator for liver function damage?
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2019
Lejia Sun, Huanhuan Yin, Meixi Liu, Gang Xu, Xiaoxiang Zhou, Penglei Ge, Huayu Yang, Yilei Mao
HSA is responsible for ∼75% of the plasma oncotic pressure (Artigas et al. 2016); therefore, albumin is commonly used for plasma volume replacement. In clinical practice, it is often administered as a resuscitation fluid to critically ill patients (Artigas et al. 2016; Moss et al. 1981; Wilkes and Navickis 2001), such as those with severe sepsis, shock, burns, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, or other conditions that require the reinstatement of blood volume. The high concentration and negative charge (Farrugia 2010) of HSA are responsible for this best-known property. Indeed, HSA accounts for >50% of the total plasma protein (Artigas et al. 2016), and it therefore has a direct osmotic effect, which is the main mechanism underlying its role in oncotic pressure. The negative charge of HSA is the result of a large percentage of its constituent amino acids being acidic. As a result of this, HSA draws sodium ions, and consequently water, into the intravascular compartment.