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Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
The normal plasma sodium concentration is 135–145 mmol/L. As sodium is the major extracellular electrolyte, hyponatraemia is usually associated with hypo-osmolality and hypernatraemia is usually associated with hyperosmolality. Both plasma hypo-osmolality and hyperosmolality can have adverse effects on cells, especially neural cells. In each case, the diagnosis and treatment depends on an assessment of body fluid volume.
Infection prevention and control
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Blood and body fluid spillages pose significant cross-infection risks, so they must be dealt with immediately and appropriately – check your local policy. The following processes are recommended in Appendix 9 of the HPS National Infection Prevention and Control Manual (http://www.nipcm.hps.scot.nhs.uk/): Urine/faeces/vomit/sputum. Initially, soak up and remove gross contamination/spillage with paper towels. Do not use allow chlorine-releasing agents to come into direct contact with urine as this may generate chlorine fumes; decontaminate the area with a combined detergent/chlorine-producing solution of 1000 ppm av Cl. Leave the solution for 3 min or as per manufacturer’s recommendations.Blood/other body fluids including cerebrospinal, peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, synovial, amniotic, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk and other body fluids with visible blood. Apply chlorine-releasing granules to the spill or use disposable towels soaked with a solution of 10,000 ppm av Cl. Leave the solution for 3 min or as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and then dispose of the waste.
Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Water is essential for human life as well as for all living organisms like microbes, fungi, animals, and plants, although water does not furnish energy for their activity. Water is a macronutrient and constitutes about 60–70% of human body weight, and this level can vary with sex, age, size, and activity of each individual (169–172). All cells, tissues and organs need water for their functioning and activity. An adult needs about two to three liters of water in different forms (pure water, beverages, soup, fruit liquid, etc.) a day to maintain the good functioning of all organs according to size, sex, age, activity, and the climate where this person lives (169–172). Body fluid levels also vary according to gender and age (170). Males have more lean tissue and thus a higher percentage of body weight as fluid than females. The amount of body fluid as a percentage of total weight decreases with age. Water comprises from 75% body weight in infants to 55% in elderly, and is essential for cellular homeostasis and life (170, 172). This decrease in total body water is, in part, a result of the loss of lean tissue that can occur as people age. For example, an adult contains about 37–45 l of water. Adult males are composed of about 60–70% water and females are composed of about 55–60% water (170).
Comparison of bioimpedance equations and dual-energy X-ray for assessment of fat free mass in a Chinese dialysis population
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Yanna Dou, Afang Li, Gangrong Liu, Peipei Wang, Bei Zhang
Due to the absence of renal function and the intermittency of treatment, the fluid status of dialysis patients is varying across a week. Fluid volume of patients on hemodialysis (HD) falls during treatments and rises between dialysis sessions, which ranges from fluid depletion to fluid overload [20]. Although peritoneal dialysis (PD) provides a continuous ultrafiltration, fluid overload is quite common, and may cause adverse cardiovascular outcomes [21]. In our study, FFM of healthy volunteers derived from Kyle, Sun ss equations and TBW had a better agreement with DXA than dialysis patients, more exactly, the predictions of HD patients were better than PD patients. It might be caused by different body fluid status in different kinds of dialysis, in our clinical observations, PD patients were more likely to have lower limb edema or even generalized edema, as Yilmaz’s research revealed that overhydration/extracellular ratio is higher in the PD patients than post-HD patients [22]. We thought that equations developed from healthy adults might be not appropriate for dialysis patients with abnormal hydration, and it is essential to select a specific equation for dialysis patients, this is consistent with a report of body composition assessment in HD patients by Bross et al. [23].
The Effect of Fasting on Body Composition Assessment in Hospitalized Cancer Patients
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Ana Artero, Teresa Sáez Ramírez, Bianca Tabita Muresan, Yesica Ruiz-Berjaga, Ana Jiménez-Portilla, Carlos J. Sánchez-Juan
In contrast, the differences in PA in our study were not significant, regardless of the fasting state (changes below 0.2%). Another study carried out in oncology inpatient units (8) has also failed to find significant changes in PA after food intake. The authors have highlighted the role of PA in assessing nutritional status in diseases that substantially alter body fluid levels. The PA is obtained by a direct mathematical transformation of the electrophysiological data and does not depend on assumptions of normal fluid distribution. This parameter may be a potential marker for the assessment of malnutrition status, especially useful in patients with ascites or marked fluid retention (found in a large proportion of the population of this study). In 2015, a high-quality review of 27 original research articles investigating the BIA parameters in cancer patients concluded that a reduction in PA predicts poor health status, poor outcomes, and reduced survival in cancer patients (17).
Protective effect of royal jelly on fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via the some protein biomarkers signalling pathways: a new approach for kidney damage
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Abdullah Aslan, Seda Beyaz, Ozlem Gok, Muhammed Ismail Can, Gozde Parlak, Ramazan Gundogdu, Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan, Serpil Baspinar
The kidneys are responsible for keeping the osmotic pressure of the blood stable by providing fluid-electrolyte balance. Importantly, they are responsible to cleanse the body from metabolic wastes such as urea, creatine, uric acid, and therefore, they contribute to the regulation of acid-base balance. In addition, they serve as a homeostasis centre, where the production site of some vital hormones such as renin and erythropoietin take place (Koken 2018). The kidneys create a stable environment in the body by regulating the volume and contents of extracellular fluid. Thus, they help to balance the uptake, production, excretion and retention of many organic and inorganic compounds. This balance ensures that the kidneys retain water and water-soluble substances, and the content of body fluids is preserved by excreting water according to body needs (Yıldıran and Gencer 2018). However, the kidneys are the prime target of many cytotoxic substances. Excess fluoride (F) is one of these cytotoxic substances. Traces of fluoride play a role in the growth of teeth and bones of humans and animals. However, excessive use of this element causes deformation of bones as well as teeth. In addition, excessive fluoride ingestion leads to nephrotoxicity, thyroid disorder and impairment in brain functions (Dharmaratne 2019). Excess fluoride inhibits various enzymatic pathways in the body, leading to dysfunctionality of the kidneys and other organs (Malin et al.2019).