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Organoids as an Emerging Tool for Nano-Pharmaceuticals
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
As we learnt in the previous section that NPs incorporated in matrices or organoids can change matrix properties. One of the important aspects is NPs through external media; NPs responsive through exogenous fields have some advantages that there will be less changes in the 3D space (Jestin et al. 2008), and mimic the in vivo conditions generating heterogeneous forces in the local 3D space (Abdel Fattah et al. 2016). NPs enhance the effect of consistent biophysical and mechanical perturbations on tissues through controlling the activation field. Magnetic fields can be engineered more precisely within the culture environment using big magnets. For example, hydrogel embedded with iron particles has shown great promise in reversibly manipulating the substrate stiffness (Abdeen et al. 2016). In another study, stromal cells from vasculature were activated by NP movement under the effect of magnetic field (Filippi et al. 2019). These activated cells exhibited enhanced cellular markers and activated pathways involved in metabolism and mechanotransduction. These studies are very important as they bring out the potential of matrices responsive to magnetic field that can regulate cell fate speciation and function. These provide a promising technology platform for matrix engineering in mechanobiology (Dupont et al. 2011).
Does Fascia Stretch?
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
More recently, biology has provided much well-established evidence that mammals, including humans, have many examples of stretch-dependent mechanisms that are essential for survival. If we start with just about any cell, the concept of tensegrity is a given in the burgeoning and fascinating field of mechanobiology.6 Mechanobiology “centers on how cells control their mechanical properties, and how physical forces regulate cellular biochemical responses, a process that is known as mechanotransduction”.7 Tensegrity (a portmanteau of tension-integrity) depends on tensile prestress for its mechanical stability in biological structures and the physiological systems they drive. As Ingber states, “tensional prestress is a critical governor of cell mechanics and function, and how use of tensegrity by cells contributes to mechanotransduction”.7
Transverse Overcurvature
Published in Nilton Di Chiacchio, Antonella Tosti, Therapies for Nail Disorders, 2020
Although toenails protect the distal phalanx and contribute to pedal biomechanics during ambulation, they are constantly subject to physical forces from the shoe and the gait cycle itself. The biomechanical forces on the toenail are unique and can be pathologic if the forces become excessive or misaligned. Mechanobiology is described as the way “physical forces and changes in cell or tissue mechanics contribute to development, physiology, and disease.”3,4 Toenails are consistently subject to physical forces from shoes and ground reaction forces from gait. The combination of these forces is a little described, often missed area of research that could explain the development of various nail deformities on the lower extremity. Sano and Ogawa hypothesized that toenails have an automatic curvature function that allows them to adapt to the ground reaction forces pushing them upward with each step.4 For most people, the daily upward force exerted from the ground (ground reaction force) and the automatic curvature force are in balance; thus, giving the toenail its characteristic curve. They hypothesize that nail pathologies like pincer nails and koilonychia occur when those forces are not in balance.
A micromechanical framework of arterial tissue growth in the context of medial calcification
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Our numerical study shows that our model is able to reproduce the trends of calcification-induced changes in mineral volume fraction and induced local deformations. To consolidate this framework, model parameters need to be identified using tissue imaging to characterize adaptation and tissue properties. The role of smooth muscle cells, embedded in the medial tissue, is critical to calcification (Van den Bergh et al. 2019). Moreover, these cells are sensitive to their mechanical environment, which regulates their osteogenic phenotype (Humphrey et al. 2015). Micromechanics provide an excellent framework to study these mechanisms, by providing a quantification of local strains sensed by the cells (Scheiner et al. 2013). Hence, describing mechanobiology is a key future work to capture the mechanisms of AMC.
Regulation of follicle growth through hormonal factors and mechanical cues mediated by Hippo signaling pathway
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2018
Ikko Kawashima, Kazuhiro Kawamura
Understanding how physical forces and changes in the mechanical properties of cells and tissues contribute to cell proliferation and differentiation is an emerging field of science called mechanobiology. The ongoing challenge in this field is the elucidation of mechanotransduction, namely the molecular mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to mechanical signals [Ingber 1997]. The Hippo signaling pathway is one of the key players in mechanotransduction and regulates mammalian cell proliferation and apoptosis for maintaining organ size [Halder and Johnson 2011; Hergovich 2012; Pan 2007]. Hippo signaling consists of many negative growth regulators, including macrophage stimulating (MST1/2), Salvador 1 (SAV 1), and large tumor-suppressor homolog (LATS 1/2) acting in a serine/threonine kinase cascade that phosphorylates and then inactivate key transcriptional coactivators, Yes-associated protein (YAP), and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ). Once Hippo signaling is disrupted by physical forces, nonphosphorylated YAP or TAZ accumulates in the nucleus and acts to stimulate the production of downstream factors, such as connective tissue (CCN) growth factors and baculoviral inhibitors of apoptosis repeat containing (BIRC) (Figure 1) apoptosis inhibitors [Pan 2007].
Regulation of crystal induced inflammation: current understandings and clinical implications
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Paola Galozzi, Sara Bindoli, Roberto Luisetto, Paolo Sfriso, Roberta Ramonda, Anna Scanu, Francesca Oliviero
Finally, chondrocytes, the cells of the articular cartilage, are frequently used in vitro mainly to study the mechanobiology of this tissue linked to the aging process and osteoarthritis [115]. These cells are involved in the process of mineralization of the extracellular matrix, both promoting calcium crystal formation and producing pro-mineralizing cytokines in response to the crystals [116]. Primary chondrocytes or chondrogenic cell line mimicking primary cell phenotype are exposed to different concentration of calcium crystals without any additional stimulus [31,84,116,117].