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Endothelial Cells and Hemodynamics
Published in Wilmer W Nichols, Michael F O'Rourke, Elazer R Edelman, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries, 2022
Elazer Edelman, Farhad Rikhtegar Nezami
Endothelial cells use their primary cilia to sense the wall shear stress change on their luminal side (Van der Heiden et al., 2008). As previously explained, several components of the mechanotransduction process, including ion channels, proteins, adhesion molecules, membrane lipids and the endothelial cell cytoskeleton interact with one another to fulfill the sensing function (Davies et al., 1997; Li et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2002). Low wall shear stress modulates the mechanosensors and, triggering phosphorylation of signaling molecules and expression of proatherosclerotic genes, promotes coagulation, inflammation and ultimately atherosclerosis (Brooks et al., 2002; Dai et al., 2004).
Eukaryotic Mechanosensitive Ion Channels
Published in Tian-Le Xu, Long-Jun Wu, Nonclassical Ion Channels in the Nervous System, 2021
Cells communicate via electrical and chemical signals. Many ion channels have been identified that are dedicated to this process. Cells are also subjected to the mechanical environment and can translate mechanical forces into biological signals, known as mechanotransduction. Mechanotransduction is critical for a wide range of physiological processes in all organisms. For instance, the senses of touch, proprioception, mechanical pain, hearing, and balance depend on mechanically activated (MA) ion channels [1]. Besides sensory systems, mechanotransduction is involved in diverse physiological functions, including cardiovascular tone and blood flow regulation, bone and muscle homeostasis, and stretch sensation of internal organs [1]. Many membrane proteins are involved in mechanotransduction, including ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, specialized cytoskeletal proteins, cell junction molecules, and kinases [2]. Among all the mechanosensitive molecules, MA ion channels convert mechanical forces into electrical signals within mini-seconds [2], which is particularly suitable for the fast signaling that occurs in the sensory process involved in touch, hearing, cardiopulmonary regulation, and internal organ stretch sensing.
Mechanotransduction Mechanisms of Hypertrophy and Performance with Resistance Exercise
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Andrew C. Fry, Justin X. Nicoll, Luke A. Olsen
While the role of biophysical mechanotransduction has proven integral to cellular signalling, technical analysis has just recently become available to test this phenomenon in vivo. Thus, its exact mode of dynamics following muscle activity has yet to be delineated. An area with greater research is the field of biochemical mechanotransduction which, compared to biophysical mechanotransduction, is the conversion of a mechanical stimulus into an intracellular biochemical response. Like their ability to transmit force, integrins work in a similar biochemical signalling fashion. Upon elevated mechanical tension and subsequent integrin activation, a number of signalling proteins translocate to the integrin's cytoplasmic tail and form focal adhesion complexes. These focal adhesions can comprise hundreds of proteins, both structural and signalling alike, with many influencing intracellular metabolism, primarily through regulating protein synthesis via mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), coined the master regulator of protein synthesis (101). However, others have shown that mechanically sensitive proteins can work in an mTORC1-independent fashion, lending biochemical mechanotransduction as an incredibly intricate, yet diverse, means of cellular signalling.
Effects of Mechanical Compression on Cell Morphology and Function in Human Corneal Fibroblasts
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Jing Zhang, Shu Yang, Youhua Tan, Yan Wang
We must point out several limitations in our study. The current study only focused on the response of relatively healthy CFs; thus, whether fibroblasts from KC patients are more sensitive to such compression stimulation remains unclear. In addition, our investigation only provides some preliminary data on how mechanical compression affects the biological function of CFs. The specific mechanotransduction signaling involved in this process needs to be addressed. Furthermore, compared to relatively new 3D environments, traditional 2D cultures cannot maintain the keratocyte phenotype well, and the cells behave in a more fibroblastic way. The current model only provides compression pressure with a constant value for a specific period, whereas eye rubbing applies compression over short periods (usually a few seconds), and the magnitude would vary over time. Thus, further studies should consider investigating the role of mechanical compression on human CFs in vivo.
Mechano-gated channels in C. elegans
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
Mechano-gated channels are evolutionarily conserved mechanical gates regulating mechanosensation like touch, hearing and proprioception (Kung, 2005). Through mechanotransduction process, gated ion channels convert mechanical stimuli into electrochemical signals thereby triggering mechanosensation. When a mechanical stimulus is applied, membrane tension or force spring leads to structural deformation of the gated protein. As such, the gated channel opens in order to allow the flow of ions to generate graded receptor potentials which triggers mechanosensation (Marshall & Lumpkin, 2012). Bacterial mechanosensitive channels (MscL, MscS and MscM) in E.coli are gated by changes of membrane tension forming non-selective pores through which hydrated ions and solutes can flow, and act as osmosensors for turgor control (Rasmussen & Rasmussen, 2018). In eukaryotes, a few cation-selective channels — degenerin and epithelial sodium channels (DEG/ENaC), N-type Transient receptor potential (TRPN), two-pore potassium channels (K2P), transmembrane-like proteins (TMC) and Piezo have been classified as bona fide mechano-gated channels (Delmas & Coste, 2013; Jin, Jan, & Jan, 2020). It is still enigmatic whether any anion channel such as chlorides can characterize mechano-gated channels.
Regulation of follicle growth through hormonal factors and mechanical cues mediated by Hippo signaling pathway
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2018
Ikko Kawashima, Kazuhiro Kawamura
Understanding how physical forces and changes in the mechanical properties of cells and tissues contribute to cell proliferation and differentiation is an emerging field of science called mechanobiology. The ongoing challenge in this field is the elucidation of mechanotransduction, namely the molecular mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to mechanical signals [Ingber 1997]. The Hippo signaling pathway is one of the key players in mechanotransduction and regulates mammalian cell proliferation and apoptosis for maintaining organ size [Halder and Johnson 2011; Hergovich 2012; Pan 2007]. Hippo signaling consists of many negative growth regulators, including macrophage stimulating (MST1/2), Salvador 1 (SAV 1), and large tumor-suppressor homolog (LATS 1/2) acting in a serine/threonine kinase cascade that phosphorylates and then inactivate key transcriptional coactivators, Yes-associated protein (YAP), and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ). Once Hippo signaling is disrupted by physical forces, nonphosphorylated YAP or TAZ accumulates in the nucleus and acts to stimulate the production of downstream factors, such as connective tissue (CCN) growth factors and baculoviral inhibitors of apoptosis repeat containing (BIRC) (Figure 1) apoptosis inhibitors [Pan 2007].