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Trace Minerals
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
In addition, manganese is a component of the metalloenzyme manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a form of SOD present inside mitochondria which is substantially different from cytosolic CuZnSOD.970,971 Thus, manganese possesses antioxidant properties by forming the active site of MnSOD. Manganese is a component of the metalloenzyme pyruvate carboxylase, necessary for gluconeogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism.972 Thus, manganese has a role in energy production during stress situations, a function that has not been specifically investigated in situations of musculoskeletal distress or healing. Manganese is also a component of the metalloenzyme arginase, responsible for urea production.973 Other enzymes appear to have manganese-specific requirements for activation: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glutamine synthetase.
New Understanding of the Nature and Causes of Major Depression
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Some of the increases in oxidative and nitrosative stress in MDD may result from genetic predisposition. For example, associations have been made between depression and certain polymorphisms in genes affecting the enzymatic activities of manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase.5 Some, but not all, researchers have seen decreases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase, during episodes of depression.6 Severe chronic or repeated psychological stress increase blood levels of oxidation biomarkers, and these changes correspond to increases in salivary cortisol.7 Metabolic Syndrome is also associated with oxidative stress, due in part to disturbances in energy metabolism.8 Inflammatory conditions cause oxidative and nitrosative damage and, in turn, debris from cells damaged by oxidative stress stimulates TLR4 receptors that initiate the inflammatory cascade.9
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and DNA Methylation in Atherosclerosis
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Handbook of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, 2019
The importance of ROS-related genes in atherosclerosis has been recently confirmed by an association study between SNPs in antioxidant genes and atherosclerosis in a Chinese cohort (Yeh et al. 2018). The Val16Ala polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was proposed as an independent for coronary artery disease.
Progress in the study of nutritional status and selenium in dialysis patients
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Meiran Cao, Shuai Zheng, Wenhua Zhang, Guicai Hu
In addition to the above three trace elements, the imbalance of other trace elements also affects the nutritional status of dialysis patients. Appropriate levels of chromium (Cr) can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation; however, very high levels of Cr have a negative impact on the human body. Cr can accumulate in the bones of patients with ESRD and blood Cr levels are significantly elevated in dialysis patients [192]. Hsu et al. [193] investigated the blood Cr level and nutritional status of 647 hemodialysis patients and found that blood Cr level was significantly negatively correlated with malnutrition. Manganese (Mn) is a cofactor of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) enzyme. Its deficiency can decrease MnSOD activity and aggravate oxidative damage in human body [194,195]. The level of blood Mn in dialysis patients decreased, and the level of blood Mn was independently correlated with the level of hemoglobin [196,197]. For iron deficiency in dialysis patients [198], many studies have been conducted and their results are relatively clear; hence, we will not repeat them here.
Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl increases cell vulnerability to oxidative stress on rat thymocytes
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Mn is an essential nutrient for mammals. Mn is found in all organisms and has a critical role in cell survival and death mechanisms by regulating enzymes such as manganese superoxide dismutase (Smith et al.2017). However, chronic exposure to Mn leads to neurotoxicity and symptoms similar to Parkinson disease (Pal et al.1999, Kwakye et al.2015, Lucchini et al.2017). Mn-induced toxicity is characterized by the inactivation of multiple mitochondrial enzymes (Gavin et al.1992). This increases oxidant generation in the mitochondria and causes disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (Rao and Norenberg 2004, Gunter et al.2010). Furthermore, Liu et al. (2013) reported the toxic effect of Mn in avian immune systems by altering antioxidant defense systems in the thymus (Liu et al.2013).
Neuronal mitochondria-targeted therapy for Alzheimer’s disease by systemic delivery of resveratrol using dual-modified novel biomimetic nanosystems
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Yang Han, Xiaoyang Chu, Lin Cui, Shiyao Fu, Chunsheng Gao, Yi Li, Baoshan Sun
HT22 cells were treated with RSV-loaded formulations and co-cultured with Aβ25-35 as the method described above. After incubation, the cells were harvested for levels of Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA) measurements by western blotting and MDA assay kits (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu, China), respectively.