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Garcinia indica (Kokum) and Ilex aquifolium (European Holly)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Dicson Sheeja Malar, Mani Iyer Prasanth, Tewin Tencomnao, James Michael Brimson, Anchalee Prasansuklab
Methanol extract of G. indica showed significant cytotoxic activity against colon cancer, which was attributed to the presence of polyisoprenylated benzophenones (Kumar and Chattopadhyay, 2007). Further, the major polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative of G. indica, garcinol exerted anticancer activity against several cancers by modulating and interfering with various cellular pathways. Garcinol administration in experimental animals significantly lowered proliferating cell nuclear antigen index, colonic aberrant crypt foci, while elevating the activities of detoxifying enzymes of glutathione S-transferase, quinone reductase in the liver, and modulating ERK, PI3K, and Wnt signaling pathways thereby exhibiting chemopreventive potential (Tanaka et al., 2000; Tsai et al., 2014). Garcinol inhibited cell invasion, decreased tyrosine phosphorylation, and inhibited activation of the Src, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in human colorectal cancer cell line, HT-29. It also modified the level of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 along with decreasing MMP-7 aiding in anticancer effect (Liao et al., 2005b; Hong et al., 2007).
Matrix metalloproteinases
Published in A. R. Genazzani, Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cancer, 2020
S. McDonnell, A. O’Connor, D. Murray, C. C. Lynch
The degradation of the ECM is a multi-step process in which members of the MMP family are inextricably linked. Each MMP has a unique yet slightly overlapping substrate specificity (Table 1). MMP-7, which has thus far been the only MMP family member to be classified in the minimal domain category, has the broadest substrate activity of all MMPs, with an ability to degrade collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins10. The hemopexin domain is comprised of several members including MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-13, which are capable of degrading fibrillar collagens that include types I, II, III, VII and X. MMP-3, MMP-10, MMP-11 and MMP-12 are capable of cleaving many ECM components including proteoglycans, fibronectin, collagens and gelatins, but have no proteolytic activity for native collagen type I. MMP-11 is a weak proteinase in comparison with other members of this subclass, but has been shown to cleave laminin and fibronectin11. MMP-12 not only degrades elastin but also collagen type IV, fibronectin and laminin. The fibronectin domain contains MMP-2 and MMP-9, which degrade denatured collagens (gelatins) and are specific for the degradation of type IV basement membrane collagen. The transmembrane-type metalloproteinases domain currently contains six family members. The first member of this family, MT1-MMP, was isolated by Sato and colleagues12, and has been shown to induce specific activation of MMP-2 on the cell surface in vitro. The substrate specificities of the remaining members of the MT-MMP group remain unclear.
Bleeding from an atrophic endometrium 36
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
However, tissue breakdown is not just mediated by the destructive effect of the extravasated blood. The matrix of the endometrium consists of collagens, fibronectin, laminin, gelatins, entactins, hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans. Cellular expression of the heterodimeric integrins in endometrium provides the link between the extracellular matrix and individual cells of the endometrium7-10. Degradation of the matrix is regulated by the matrix metalloproteins (MMPs). Three broad groups of enzymes have been described which include collagenases, gelatinases and stromelysins11. Endometrial stroma is known to express MMP-1, MMP-2 (type IV collagenase), MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) and MMP-10. The epithelium expresses MMP-7 (matrilysin). This expression is controlled by progesterone12,15. Interestingly, epithelial expression of MMP-7 is suppressed by transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) synthesized in the stromal compartment which is further regulated by progesterone. Removal of progesterone withdraws the suppressive action and releases metalloproteinase activity which results in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and the cleavage of the functionalis. With the loss of the stromal matrix, endometrial blood vessels would lose their support and their integrity which will lead to vessel rupture and bleeding.
Anti-inflammatory effect of Gyeji-tang in a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mouse model induced by cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Eun Bok Baek, Yu Jin Kim, Jin-Hyung Rho, Eun-Ju Hong, Mee-Young Lee, Hyo-Jung Kwun
Chronic exposure to CS leads to morphological and functional changes in the airway epithelium. CS-mediated ROS release has been shown to disrupt the tight junctions of airway epithelial cells via an epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent mechanism (Petecchia et al. 2009). The disruption of the epithelial barrier and a concomitant downregulation of E-cadherin induces the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, which leads to the overproduction of MMPs and growth factors, destruction of airways, and remodelling of lung tissues (Milara et al. 2013). Furthermore, alveolar macrophages produce ROS and MMPs to disrupt alveolar structures and induce fibrotic mediators, such as TGF-β, to trigger airway remodelling. In patients with COPD, MMP-7 and MMP-9 are upregulated in various samples, including serum, plasma, sputum, BALF, and lung tissues (Navratilova et al. 2012; Montaño et al. 2014; Kraen et al. 2019). MMP-7 and MMP-9 can disrupt the normal alveolar architecture, increase inflammatory responses in lung tissues, and trigger emphysema, collectively leading to loss of lung function (Churg et al. 2012; Shin et al. 2014). Meanwhile, TGF-β is a lung fibrosis-related cytokine that can be released by various cells, such as macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts (Sutliff et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2016). In the current study, we found that GJT treatment attenuated the CS/LPS-induced increases in the collagen accumulation of bronchioles, thickening of alveolar walls, and expression levels of MMP-7, MMP-9, and TGF-β, indicating that GJT ameliorates this mouse model of COPD at least in part by suppressing airway remodelling.
Matrix metalloproteinase enzyme responsive delivery of 5-Fluorouracil using Collagen-I peptide functionalized Dendrimer-Gold nanocarrier
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Sejal Chauhan, Krunal Patel, Poonam Jain, Ashok Kumar Jangid, Sunita Patel, Kanakaraju Medicherla, Kajal Limbad, Chetan Mehta, Hitesh Kulhari
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-containing, calcium-dependent endopeptidase, which degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. They are secreted by leucocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular smooth muscles. MMPs play a crucial role in biological processes such as cell differentiation and migration, ECM remodeling, tissue invasion, and vascularization [3]. MMPs are involved in cell signaling, cytokine and chemokine regulation, inflammation, and immune activation [4]. Generally, MMPs remain less active and are present in low concentrations in healthy tissues. But in cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, and cancer, they are overexpressed and become hyperactive. In case of cancer, MMP2, MMP7, and MMP9 are found to be upregulated and involved in tumor cell migration, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis [5]. This increased activity of MMPs gives an opportunity to develop a targeted drug delivery system for site-specific delivery of anticancer agents.
Advances in chlorin-based photodynamic therapy with nanoparticle delivery system for cancer treatment
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Lin Huang, Sajid Asghar, Ting Zhu, Panting Ye, Ziyi Hu, Zhipeng Chen, Yanyu Xiao
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family is a family of proteolytic enzymes that depend on metal ions, which can effectively degrade the ECM and play an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. There are more than 20 kinds of MMPs. The main substrate of MMP is fibrous collagen, acting in the initial stage of tumorigenesis, which can degrade collagen fibers and gelatin in the extracellular matrix and change the microenvironment of cells, thus facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis, and is conducive to tumor formation. In particular, MMP2, MMP7, and MMP9 were found in a variety of tumor cells, including gastric cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, lung cancer, and ovarian cancer. Up-regulation of MMP in ECM can be considered as a new target strategy to target tumor regions [98–100] Xia’s group developed gold nanoclusters-based tumor targeted Ce6-DOX(doxorubicin)-GNCs-MMP2 polypeptide nanoparticles (Figure 6) [101]. The in vitro results showed that the nanoparticles could be efficiently internalized into MMP2-expressed A549 cells and significantly decreased the viability of cancer cells compared to the free Ce6 and doxorubicin.