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Assessment – Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam to Detect Macronutrient Deficiencies
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the intercellular tissue that results from an abnormal expansion of interstitial fluid volume and can be categorized as pitting or non-pitting edema. Pitting edema is palpable swelling that leaves a pit in the edematous area when pressure is applied. Pitting edema is seen in malnutrition, heart failure, renal failure, and severe lung diseases. Low serum protein levels can cause edema in malnourished patients. Proteins help retain sodium and water within the blood vessels. When blood proteins are too low, fluid can leak into the interstitial tissue spaces, leading to edema, especially in the lower legs, ankles, and feet. Although low serum proteins may trigger edema, these protein levels should not be considered as a nutritional biomarker to assess change in nutritional status. Serum hepatic protein levels of albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin decrease in response to an acuteinfection, injury, or trauma; however, they are not useful nutritional markers.19 The significant drop in albumin and prealbumin levels during an acute inflammatory phase can be used by clinicians to monitor a patient’s response to medical treatment, but not for nutritional treatment as the serum levels do not increase in response to the provision of protein and energy.19
Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Every cell in the body contains fluid. When cells lose their fluid, they quickly shrink and die. On the other hand, when cells take in too much fluid, they swell and burst apart (170). About two-thirds of the body’s fluid is held within the walls of cells and is therefore called intracellular fluid. The remaining third of the body’s fluid is referred to as extracellular fluid because it flows outside of the cells (170). There are two types of extracellular fluid: interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid. Interstitial fluid flows between the cells that make up a particular tissue or organ, such as muscle fibers or the liver (170). Intravascular fluid is the water in the bloodstream and lymph. Plasma is specifically the extracellular fluid portion of blood that transports blood cells within the body’s arteries, veins, and capillaries (170).
PlasmaThe Non-cellular Components of Blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Plasma is the fluid medium of the intravascular compartment and is important for the transport of materials between tissues and the internal environment. Plasma differs from interstitial fluid in that it has a much higher content of protein. Plasma constitutes about 4% of the total body weight (40–50 mL/kg).
Exploring new frontiers in drug delivery with minimally invasive microneedles: fabrication techniques, biomedical applications, and regulatory aspects
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Niha Sultana, Ayesha Waheed, Asad Ali, Samreen Jahan, Mohd Aqil, Yasmin Sultana, Mohd. Mujeeb
Phlebotomy is a process of making a puncture in vein in order to withdraw blood with the use of cannula for the diagnostic purpose. Blood withdrawal process through phlebotomy has some drawbacks like needle-phobia, requirement of expert or trained professionals, risk of infections, pain associated due to frequent withdrawal as in the case of diabetes. Blood samples are generally collected by piercing the skin from veins. Evacuated collection tube is used to extract the required amount of blood. This method has several disadvantages like excessive bleeding, scarring, fainting, infections, etc. To avoid these drawbacks, the development of MN-based withdrawal has proven to be highly beneficial in diagnostic field. MN technique is useful in extraction of interstitial fluid and blood from the capillaries that are present superficially (500–2000 µm). Interstitial fluid is a good medium for analyte monitoring as it correlates with the concentration of molecules in the blood. Therefore, MN can provide a painless and blood-free system of diagnosis. For MN to extract fluid, it must penetrate deep enough; to ensure this design of MN, material used and dimension of MN must be taken in to great consideration. The study on geometrical effects of mechanical properties of MN revealed the following order of strain withstanding character, i.e. circular>rectangular>square. The circular shape is much more difficult to prepare than rectangular which is mostly preferred [102].
Aggravated effects of coexisting marginal thiamine deficits and zinc excess on SN56 neuronal cells
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Anna Ronowska, Sylwia Gul-Hinc, Anna Michno, Dorota Bizon-Zygmańska, Marlena Zyśk, Hanna Bielarczyk, Andrzej Szutowicz, Beata Gapys, Agnieszka Jankowska-Kulawy
In our past experiments, toxic effects of Zn on cultured neuronal cells were observed at its concentrations higher than 0.10 mmol/L, when they exceeded binding capacity of 10% FBS [8,11]. Similar Zn concentrations were reported to be present in whole brain preparations [28]. However, during excitotoxic activation, the Zn levels in the synaptic cleft may reach 0.30 mmol/L concentration [29]. Thus protein concentrations in brain interstitial fluid, being in the range of 0.12–0.16 g/L, are over 50 times lower than those used in the culture medium (see methods) [30]. Therefore, levels of free Zn2+ in the synaptic cleft in vivo rising from resting 10 nmol/L to about 0.10 mmol/L at depolarization, are likely to be neurotoxic [31]. It remains in accord with our assumption that 0.10 mmol/L of Zn used here in FBS supplemented media corresponds to its borderline toxic concentration [8].
P-Tau as prognostic marker in long term follow up for patients with shunted iNPH
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Karol Migliorati, Pier Paolo Panciani, Marta Pertichetti, Barbara Borroni, Silvana Archetti, Luca Rozzini, Alessandro Padovani, Lodovico Terzi, Sara Bruscella, Marco Maria Fontanella
We also investigated the temporal trend regarding the protein concentrations (Table 4). We observed no difference in T-Tau and P-Tau levels; on the contrary, beta-amyloid levels resulted significantly lower at the time of intervention, compared to the value found during TT. This outcome could be explained by both the common pathophysiological origin between iNPH and AD [25] and the new theories (interstitial fluid impairment syndrome) related to iNPH development [26]. The results of animal experiments suggest that 10–15% of Aβ is metabolized by interstitial fluids. The extent to which the pathology of iNPH accounts for the reduced turnover of CSF and the metabolism of Aβ is unclear. It is possible that the reduction in enzymes related to Aβ metabolism in iNPH creates an environment where Aβ aggregation is increased, forming highly neurotoxic Aβ oligomers [27].