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Medicinal Plants for Eczema
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
The outside-in hypothesis, commonly known as the hygiene hypothesis, is based on the condition occurring due to a disruption within the skin barrier (Brandt and Sivaprasad, 2011). The skin is an interface between the organism’s body and the environment. This protects the organism from the environment and supports the internal environment. The primary mediator of the epidermal barrier is the stratum corneum (Figure 5.3) (Lee and Lee, 2014). The stratum corneum is comprised of corneocytes, which secrete intercellular or intracellular substances such as filaggrin (Sullivan and Silverberg, 2017).
Finding a Target
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Transport across plasma membranes is a crucial part of a cells existence. The cell membrane presents a barrier to most polar molecules, which is important for maintaining concentrations of solutes in the cytoplasm. Likewise, the membrane-bound organelles within the cell can have a specific concentration of molecules contained within; different from that of the cytoplasm or extracellular medium. However, critical substances required by the cell must have a means of entering the cell as well as the removal of waste products. This is where the key role of transmembrane transport protein comes into fruition; as they are responsible for transporting these water-soluble molecules across the plasma membrane. A given transport protein will be responsible for assisting the movement of closely related groups of organic molecule, or a specific ion, across the membrane. There are two classes of membrane transport protein: carrier proteins and channel proteins. Carrier proteins have moving parts, activated by the chemical energy source ATP, that mechanically move small molecule across the membrane. This is known as active transport. Channel proteins form a narrow hydrophilic pore that enables the passive movement of inorganic ions, known as facilitated diffusion. By these mechanisms, the cell can create large differences in composition between the internal environment and extracellular medium. This is essential for specialised cells to perform their role in the body.
The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The nervous system communicates with and controls all other body systems. It is essential for consciousness, cognitive thought and memory, movement and manual dexterity, perception and behaviour. Together with the endocrine system, it is responsible for homeostasis, the maintenance of a stable internal environment irrespective of external conditions. It is a rapid response system that responds to a crisis without hesitation, yet is also essential for relaxation and sleep. This chapter focuses on the cells that make up the nervous system and the way in which the nervous system is organised. The structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous system are discussed, and an overview of the autonomic nervous system is presented. Common neurological diseases and injuries are reviewed, and neurological assessment described. Competence in neurological assessment is an important nursing skill and is essential for the early detection and management of neurological and medical emergencies.
Xiaojianzhong decoction attenuates aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ULK1 and AMPK/ULK1 pathways
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Ting Chen, Shengchuan Bao, Juan Chen, Jiaxiang Zhang, Hailiang Wei, Xin Hu, Yan Liang, Jingtao Li, Shuguang Yan
Gastric mucosal injury is closely associated with excessive apoptosis of epithelial cells (Ren et al. 2020). In a healthy state, the body eliminates excess, redundant, aging and unhealthy cells through apoptosis to maintain the balance and homeostasis of its internal environment (Park et al. 2021). In normal gastric mucosa, apoptotic cells form an ‘apoptotic cell band’ on the mucosal surface to maintain mucosal integrity and resist external stimulation. In the injury stage, apoptotic cells increase dramatically, the integrity of the gastric mucosa is destroyed, and the gastric mucosal injury is further aggravated (Li et al. 2021). Salah Khalil (2015) found that aspirin can increase the apoptosis of gastric mucosal epithelial cells and induce gastric mucosal injury, while the inhibition of apoptosis can reduce gastric mucosal injury. As an upstream signal of apoptosis, autophagy can regulate cell apoptosis, and cells are stimulated by conditions such as starvation, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative damage to induce autophagy (Huang et al. 2020). Moderate autophagy helps to maintain cellular homeostasis, thereby ensuring cell survival. However, the continuous activation of autophagy can lead to the degradation of a large number of intracellular proteins and the engulfment of anti-apoptosis-related proteins, leaving the cells unable to maintain their normal basic structures and eventually leading to cell necrosis or apoptosis (Yang et al. 2016; Gao et al. 2021). Therefore, reducing apoptosis and regulating autophagy are important strategies for alleviating gastric mucosal injury.
Photoperiod-dependent changes in oxidative stress markers in the blood of Shetland pony mares and stallions involved in recreational horseback riding
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Natalia Kurhaluk, Oleksandr Lukash, Halyna Tkachenko
Biological rhythms are the basis of the temporal organization of the animal organism as a biological system. The mechanism of rhythmicity of body functions is aimed, on the one hand, at adaptation to environmental conditions and, on the other hand, at preservation of relative constancy of its internal environment. Especially interesting is the change in the rhythmicity of body functions under the influence of the muscular activity of different types. These processes are studied at different levels of organization and functioning in horses of different breeds (Cordero et al. 2012; Place et al. 2010). Some studies consider the role of the season in, for example, hair growth in horses with maintenance of optimum thermoregulation in both competition horses and breeding stock in the different seasons. Season-induced changes in the thermoregulation and reproduction of these mammals are an important aspect in management of stocks (O’Brien et al. 2020). Giannetto et al. (2022) have investigated the mechanisms of homeostasis and control of body temperature in the athletic horse kept in different housing conditions, with a chronophysiological interpretation that completes the proper management of thermal well-being in horses.
Propentofylline reduces mechanical allodynia and induces mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1: An experimental study in a rat model of acute incisional pain
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
Yuanyuan Yang, Yisa Shi, Juan Jia, Shenghong Wang, Hong Chang, Mingguo Li, Xu Jin, Jing Wang
The main function of the glial cell is to support, insulate, and maintain the internal environment of nerves in the nervous system. In recent years, it has been established that glial cells play an important role in the brain environment by helping synapse formation, the transfer and integration of synaptic information, and the regulation of synaptic plasticity [3,4]. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which include p38 MAPK, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) play an important role in glial cells and have recently been recognized to be important in pain signaling [5]. More specifically, the ERK and JNK pathways have been shown to be involved in the transmission of chronic pain, whereas p38 is thought to be involved in the transmission of both acute and chronic pain [6–8]. In support of these notions, when the p38 inhibitor SCIO-469 was clinically administered as a postoperative pain therapy, patients had significantly longer times before rescue medication was needed compared with the placebo. However, SCIO-469 has side effects including dizziness, headache, and nausea [9]. So, exploring the possibility of using naturally-derived MAPK inhibitors may provide physicians with a better option in relieving postoperative pain.