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Distribution, Biology, and Bio-Diversity of Fenugreek
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
The fenugreek plant becomes a great interest for researchers due to the presence of a wide range of pharmaceutical and commercial food value. It is widely grown throughout the globe with wider adaptability. Huge morphological and molecular diversity were present in the core collection of the fenugreek germplasm. Recently, some conventional and non-conventional breeding approaches have been used for the improvement of the fenugreek accessions. Some biotechnological tools such as mutation breeding will be helpful for creating variation in the germplasm and for providing the focus needed in such research areas.
The Genetic Body
Published in Roger Cooter, John Pickstone, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, 2020
One is the way the early history of Mendelism was bound up with concerns which came to prominence in the last two decades of the nineteenth century, especially post-Darwinian concerns about racial degeneration, and tainted stock. With the formulation of August Weismann’s notion of the germ plasm, these concerns seemed to have a close fit with contemporary cell biology, and were frequently translated into calls to emphasize the maintenance of the germ plasm rather than of individual health. This was readily combined with a simplified Mendelian framework after 1900, and helped foster the climate which led to the pre-World War II eugenic legislation of the USA, Nazi Germany and many other countries, later repudiated by the majority of human geneticists but forever influencing attitudes to their work.
The Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
segmentation of the ovum had been observed and explained in 1826 by rusconi, who had correctly evaluated this process as the result of, and not the preparatory step toward, fertilization. These studies were furthered by the work of a number of scientists, such as that of newport (1853) on the ovum of the frog. A distinction was made between individual and hereditary elements, which led to the theory that the germ plasm was continuous from one generation to another. The botanist K. W. vonnageli (1817-91) proposed the distinction between the vegetative trophoplasm and the hereditary ideoplasm, in which was to be found every quality of the adult organism. A long discussion was opened on the hereditary nature of physical qualities and on the effect of various stimuli on hereditary tendencies. This led to new experimental investigations, especially on the nature of hybrids. According to the Mendelian law, the discovery of the Augustinian monk Gregor mendel (1822-84), when pure strains are cross-bred, the qualities inherited from the original parents occur in proportions subject to laws that can be stated with exactness. Though later discoveries have required a considerable amplification of Mendel’s dominant-recessive ratio, the law remains one of the most important pillars of the genetic structure.
Radiosensitivity of seedling traits to varying gamma doses, optimum dose determination and variation in determined doses due to different time of sowings after irradiation and methods of irradiation in faba bean genotypes
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Rajdeep Guha Mallick, Subhradeep Pramanik, Manas Kumar Pandit, Akhilesh Kumar Gupta, Subhrajit Roy, Sanjay Jambhulkar, Ashutosh Sarker, Rajib Nath, Somnath Bhattacharyya
The success of any breeding programme is determined by the richness of existing natural variation in the germplasm pool, which is to be exploited to achieve the breeding goals. Moreover, the desired trait matching the breeding objective must be present in the germplasm resources. Genetic engineering of crops is the only possible option if the trait is not present in the center of origin or variability. Genetic engineering techniques require the involvement of time and money. In such a cross-road situation, mutation breeding is an effective tool to induce wide and desired variability. Mutagenesis is a simple and low-cost technique (Oladosu et al. 2016; Singh et al. 2021) to induce variation not present in the germplasm pool and breed varieties using induced variability within a short span. Many researchers advocated induced mutagenesis to generate desirable mutants and for broadening the genetic base of faba bean (Mejri et al. 2012; Laskar and Khan 2014; Khursheed et al. 2016, 2018; Nurmansyah et al. 2018; Khursheed et al. 2019; Nurmansyah et al. 2020).
Gamma irradiations induced morphological and biochemical variations in in vitro regenerated ginger (Zingiber officinale rosc.)- an invaluable medicinal spice
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Gamma radiations have been considered as a rapid and effective method for influencing the physiological and biochemical process in many plant species. They are reported as an important physical agents being implemented in plant breeding programs aimed for agronomical characters and productivity improvement in many crops under both normal and stress conditions (Borzouei et al. 2013). Various previous reports revealed that moderate doses of ionizing irradiation can boost cell proliferation, rate of germination, cell growth, enzyme activity, resistance to various stresses and agricultural yields (Kiong et al. 2008). Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a herbaceous rhizomatous perennial herb of Zingiberaceae family which grows commercially in most of the tropical and sub-tropical regions including India, China, Nepal, Nigeria, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Japan (Khatun et al. 2016). It is grown vegetatively via rhizomes, which are valued not only as a spice but also even as a herbal supplement throughout the world. Ginger breeding is challenging because of very poor flowering and seed set, making genetic improvement very difficult. Therefore, elite germplasm is selected and clonally propagated through healthy rhizomes (Kambaska and Santilata 2009) which is cumbersome and time-consuming. In vitro culture of ginger offers mass multiplication and disease-free planting material, beside a potential for crop improvement (Smith and Hamil 1996; Nayak and Naik 2006).
Effect of a beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate pesticide mixture on reproductive toxicity in male mice in a greenhouse environment
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Yuanyuan Zhang, Chang Kong, Huimin Chi, Junxia Li, Jie Xing, Fei Wang, Lijun Shao, Qingfeng Zhai
DNA is an important germ plasm in organisms, and the damage of DNA can induce cell apoptosis or death (Hong et al. 2017). The comet assay is a more sensitive method to detect DNA damage to evaluate the genotoxicity of extrinsic factors than other methods of measuring DNA damage such as sister chromatid exchanges (Hong et al. 2018). Increased sperm DNA fragmentation has been related to reduction in male fertility (Schulte et al. 2010; Li et al. 2018). It has been found that in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of human normal liver cells (QSG7701 cell line), and EMB could inhibit the viability of QSG7701 cells and induce DNA damage (Zhang et al. 2017). Our results showed comet tails and Olive tail moments were increased in dose-dependent manners with increased exposure duration. This indicated that, with prolonged exposure duration to the pesticide mixture in a greenhouse, DNA damage would be induced in testicular cells.