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Conservation – A Strategy to Overcome Shortages of Ayurveda Herbs
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
S. Noorunnisa Begum, K. Ravikumar
Ex situ conservation is the conservation of biological diversity outside their natural habitats in locations that imitate their natural habitats. This involves the conservation of genetic resources, as well as wild and cultivated species. The approach draws on a diverse array of techniques and facilities, including seed banks in vitro plant tissue and microbial culture collections, artificial propagation of plants, with possible reintroduction into the wild and botanic gardens (Maunder et al. 2004).
Genetic Control of Endotoxin Responsiveness: The Lps Gene Revisited
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Stefanie N. Vogel, Nayantara Bhat, Danielle Malo, Salman T. Qureshi
A great deal of effort has been made to elucidate the genetic basis of the Lps defect by studying the normal pathway of LPS-induced cellular activation; however, the complexity of the signaling pathways involved and the pleiotropic cellular responses to LPS have made it difficult to pinpoint the specific defect of the C3H/HeJ mouse mutant. Therefore, an effort to identify the Lps gene by positional cloning has been initiated by several groups. Application of this approach relies upon the localization of the gene and narrowing down of the candidate region to the smallest possible interval by genetic linkage studies. This is followed by the construction of a physical map of the region and the development of a clone contig map that encompasses the candidate region. The area is then examined for the presence of transcription units, with the aim of identifying a gene for the presence of mutational defects. Although difficult, the advent of novel technologies and genetic resources have improved the feasibility of this type of approach.
Biodiversity, Pathogen Sharing and International Law
Published in Stefania Negri, Environmental Health in International and EU Law, 2019
Stephanie Switzer, Elisa Morgera, Elsa Tsioumani, Gian Luca Burci
Shortly before the passing of resolution WHA64.5, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising from their Utilization (hereinafter the Protocol) was adopted as a supplementary protocol to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).12 The Protocol expands upon the existing provisions of the CBD on access and benefit-sharing (ABS) with its objective being to promote the ‘fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies.’13 While the Nagoya Protocol is silent on whether genetic resources within its scope include those with pathogenic potential, pathogens are considered by at least some commentators to fall within the scope of the Protocol.14 However, the particularities of pathogens are recognized within the Protocol, as Parties are required to ‘pay due regard to cases of present or imminent emergencies that threaten or damage human, animal or plant health.’15
Community Engagement and the Protection-Inclusion Dilemma
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2023
Rebekah McWhirter, Azure Hermes, Sharon Huebner, Alex Brown
Efforts to facilitate self-determination through ongoing engagement with participants regarding the use and sharing of their data and samples reflects wider moves toward Indigenous data sovereignty, in which Indigenous control of Indigenous data is prioritized (Hudson et al. 2020). In part this embodies an emancipatory or empowerment agenda, but also speaks to the internationally recognized rights of Indigenous peoples to self-determination and to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, including human and genetic resources (UNDRIP 2007). While the requisite level of ongoing community engagement is feasible (albeit resource-intensive) at the level of individual projects focusing on a limited number of communities, it rapidly becomes more challenging as the projects scale up.
Gamma irradiation to induce beneficial mutants in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.): an underutilized food crop
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Neethu Francis, Ravikesavan Rajasekaran, Iyanar Krishnamoorthy, Raveendran Muthurajan, Chitdeshwari Thiyagarajan, Senthil Alagarswamy
Proso millet is a drought tolerant, fast-growing crop with immense potential to address the challenges of climate change. It can become an apt component in dry land farming and sustainable agriculture. The crop improvement efforts are minimal and rapid research advancements are needed to utilize the crop’s inherent potential. Bottlenecking has made a great impact on the loss of diversity in the available genetic resources, and it is imperative to increase the genetic diversity in this self-pollinated crop. Mutation breeding is known to be the quick, economical, and successful method to induce variability. Hence, this study was intended to understand the feasibility of beneficial mutation induction using gamma, understand the mutation spectrum and mutable traits and identify high yielding mutants.
Rethinking Research Protections for Tribal Communities
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2021
We would argue that self-determination is the relevant moral principle to extend the protection of the Belmont Principles to tribal communities. In particular, the principle of Indigenous self-determination includes a right to cultural survival. The U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples provides that Indigenous peoples have the “right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage” and defines “cultural heritage” to include “human and genetic resources.” (See Article 31, UN DRIP). For this reason, researchers should be required to engage with tribal governments and other Indigenous communities, including urban Indian communities or those that currently lack federal recognition, to secure their informed consent. The political doctrine of self-determination operates between “nations” and “peoples,” triggering a requirement to obtain “free, prior and informed consent” before engaging in policies that would jeopardize the group’s interests.