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The Emerging Role of Exosome Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Zahra Sadat Hashemi, Mahlegha Ghavami, Saeed Khalili, Seyed Morteza Naghib
The proteomic analysis of urinary samples from the glomerular podocytes, the proximal tubule, kidney cortical collecting duct cells, the distal convoluted tubule, and the epithelium of the urinary bladder have identified the existence of the EVs. These exosomal transmitters as potential signalling mediators frequently contained aquaporin-2 and CD24 (glycosylated protein). Moreover, the presence of phosphorylated fetuin-A in the calciprotein vesicles of serum is associated with predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Fang et al. 2013; Dear et al. 2013). Tissue transplantation is undoubtedly one of the most important categories of regenerative medicine. It is observed that differentiation in mRNAs and proteins of the urinary EVs could predict the consequences of renal transplantation. The expression of exosomal mRNAs has already been compared for IL-18 (interleukin-18), cystatin C, NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin), KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1), and 18S RNA. Following the transplantation, it has been shown that the exosomal NGAL mRNA decreases, the exosomal cystatin C and KIM-1 mRNAs remain unchanged, and the exosomal 18S RNA increases (Peake et al. 2014).
Serologic Evaluation Using Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies — Their Diagnostic and Prognostic Usefulness
Published in John T. Kemshead, Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
There are no commercially available tests for antigens or tumor products specific for Wilms’ tumor. Fetuin is an antigen found on tumor extracts, but, there have been no additional clinical reports on its use.68 Serum LDH may be raised from either tumor breakdown or hemorrhage.16, 17 Serum NSE was raised in one patient.12 Several of the antigens found on neuroblastoma (see Table 1) also were reactive with Wilms’ tumor specimens: FONA-1, ON A, HB, OFA.36–38 Their cross-reactivity raises the question of neuroectodermal derivation for Wilms’ tumor cells. But sarcomas also reacted with these antibodies. This suggests that these antigens reflect either a more primitive cell of origin or aberrant expression by the malignant cells.
Macromolecular Absorption From The Digestive Tract In Young Vertebrates
Published in Károly Baintner, Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
The serum of the newborn piglet has a very low albumin level.1064 This protein is substituted by pre- and postalbumin793, 1102 and α-fetoprotein. Fetuin is a characteristic serum protein of the calf. The 48-hr-old piglet already synthesizes serum albumin at a high rate.1178 The activity of classical and alternative complement pathways also shows increasing tendencies.1199
Association of serum FGF-23, klotho, fetuin-A, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin and hs-CRP levels with coronary artery disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2020
Kemal Göçer, Ahmet Çağrı Aykan, Metin Kılınç, Naime Sıla Göçer
Serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF-23) levels is increased in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CAD. Elevated serum FGF-23 levels in patients with normal renal function were related to heart failure and cardiovascular mortality [3]. Klotho gene is a vasoprotective hormone. Decreased klotho gene levels are related to atherosclerotic diseases [4]. Fetuin-A is a negative acute-phase reactant. Both rise and decline of fetuin-A may be responsible for atherosclerotic diseases [5]. Osteopontin (OPN) is an integrin binding ligand. OPN is related to coronary atherosclerotic load [6]. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Various factors, including CAD, hypertension and diabetes, affect the OPG levels [7]. High-sensitive-CRP (Hs-CRP) is inflammatory marker and related to CAD [8].
Multi-biomarker analysis in patients after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)
Published in Biomarkers, 2018
Moritz Mirna, Bernhard Wernly, Vera Paar, Christian Jung, Peter Jirak, Hans-Reiner Figulla, Daniel Kretzschmar, Marcus Franz, Uta C. Hoppe, Michael Lichtenauer, Alexander Lauten
Fetuin-A is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is secreted by parenchymal cells in the liver and adipocytes in adipose tissue. In fact, plasma levels of fetuin-A are markedly elevated in patients with type-2 diabetes or obesity and have been associated with the risk for metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia (Lichtenauer et al. 2018, Vörös et al. 2011). Nevertheless, fetuin-A seems to act as an anti-inflammatory mediator and it also seems to inhibit ectopic calcification. In recently published trials, the plasma levels of fetuin-A have been inversely associated with the risk for valve calcification and the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (Burke et al. 2007, Sun et al. 2014, Zhao et al. 2013). Furthermore, low plasma levels of fetuin-A have been associated with adverse events and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (Lim et al. 2007,Basar et al. 2011).
Long-term follow-up of biomarkers of vascular calcification after switch from traditional hemodialysis to online hemodiafiltration
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2019
Fredrik Uhlin, Anders Fernström, Marjo H. J. Knapen, Cees Vermeer, Per Magnusson
Serum fetuin-A levels were measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Epitope Diagnostics, Inc., San Diego, CA), and the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV) were <6% and <7%, respectively. The serum BALP activity was determined by the MicroVue quantitative ELISA (Quidel Corp., San Diego, CA), and the intra- and inter-assay CVs were <6% and <8%, respectively. Serum OPG was determined by a sandwich ELISA (Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany), and the intra- and inter-assay CVs were <5% and <7%, respectively. Plasma OPN was determined with the Quantikine ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), and the intra- and inter-assay CVs were <5% and <7%, respectively. Both plasma t-ucMGP and dp-ucMGP were measured by manual ELISA kits (VitaK BV, Maastricht, The Netherlands), with intra-assay CVs of <8.9% and <5.6%, and inter-assay CVs of <11.4% and <9.9%, respectively. Serum iFGF23 was determined by ELISA (Kainos Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan), with intra- and inter-assay CVs of <5%. Serum total GRP antigen was determined by a sandwich ELISA (MyBioSource Inc., San Diego, CA), with intra- and inter-assay CVs of <8% and <10%, respectively. No information is available, not even from the kit insert (MBS928312), regarding reference intervals for serum total GRP antigen. Reference intervals for healthy individuals are reported elsewhere for fetuin-A [29], BALP [30], OPG [31], OPN [31], iFGF23 [32], t-ucMGP, and dp-ucMGP [33]. All samples were kept frozen at –25 °C until analysis and all analyses were performed at the same time after completion of the study.