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Diabetic Nephropathy
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Adjunctive testing can be done to determine the severity and complications of nephrotic syndrome. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels can vary based on the amount of kidney dysfunction. The serum albumin is often below 2.5 g/dL (which is 25 g/L). There are usually increases in total cholesterol and triglycerides. Though not regularly required to be measured, there can also be low levels of alpha-globulins, gamma-globulins, hormone-binding proteins, immunoglobulins, ceruloplasmin, complement components, and transferrin.
Eating Disorders
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
In adolescents, a United Nations Administrative Committee Report on Nutrition defined severe malnutrition in adolescents requiring therapeutic intervention as less than 70% weight for height, plus either bilateral pitting oedema (nutritional), inability to stand or apparent dehydration (Woodruff and Duffield, 2000). The risk of death in ‘acute’ malnutrition is closely related to its severity. Several studies have shown that low mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) less than 115 mm and/or weight for height <70% predicts a high risk of mortality (Alam et al., 1989; Dramaix et al., 1996; Lapidus et al., 2009). The presence of bilateral (nutritional) oedema improves predictability. Independently, low serum albumin (<16 g/l) is a major risk factor for mortality.
Geriatric hair and scalp disorders
Published in Robert A. Norman, Geriatric Dermatology, 2020
Laboratory tests should be based on the historical findings. A chemical screening battery should be obtained for evidence of specific chronic diseases, including thyroid stimulating hormone deficiency. Lowered serum albumin may be detected if dietary protein is deficient or the patient is chronically ill. Carry out an antinuclear antibody (ANA) screen if an autoimmune disorder is suspected. The assessment of hematocrit and hemoglobin is not sufficient, as iron stores may be depleted in spite of normal values. For the assessment of the adequacy of iron, some clinicians rely on serum iron and per cent saturation. Others prefer to monitor ferritin levels as an indicator of total body iron stores. Because ferritin is an acute phase reactant, it is important to obtain an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) as well. If ESR is elevated, the ferritin is usually artificially elevated. Rushton and Ramsay have suggested that ferritin levels should be at least 40 μg/dl, if not higher, to ensure adequate stores for regrowth of hair and as a basis for response to therapy for androgenetic alopecia36. Iron is an essential element in several enzyme systems related to hair growth.
Justicia carnea extracts ameliorated hepatocellular damage in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic male rats via decrease in oxidative stress, inflammation and increasing other risk markers
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
John Adeolu Falode, Oluwaseun Igbekele Ajayi, Tolulope Victoria Isinkaye, Akinwunmi Oluwaseun Adeoye, Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye, Bartholomew I. C. Brai
Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were assayed using the method described by Reitman and Frankel (1957). Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was determined from the serum using the method described by Szasz (1969). Serum albumin was determined using the method described by Doumas et al. (1971). Serum bilirubin was determined using the method described by Jendrassik and Grof (1938). The method described by Wright et al. (1972) was employed in determining alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity was measured by the method described by Gancedo and Gancedo (1971). The method described by Trinder (1969) was used for the determination of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity determination. Hexokinase activity was examined using the procedure described by Brandstrup et al. (1957). The hepatic glycogen concentration was determined using the method described by Trinder (1969).
Prevalence and predictors of Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic individuals: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Shenzhen, China
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2022
Chunyan Li, Jianrong Yue, Zhaodi Ding, Qin Zhang, Yanying Xu, Qifeng Wei, Jinghua Wang, Xianjia Ning, Hui Zeng, Jing Cao
A large population-based study showed that infected subjects had low serum level of albumin [30]. Consistent with the findings of that study, our results showed an inverse association between H. pylori infection and serum albumin levels. H. pylori infection decreased by 3.7% per 1-unit increase in albumin levels overall, and by 4.8% in those aged < 50 years. The mechanism underlying the inverse association between H. pylori infection and serum albumin may include malabsorption of amino acids resulting from H. pylori-induced gastric dysfunction and reduced synthesis of albumin in the liver when hepatocellular resources are diverted to produce other proteins as a result of the infection. However, lower serum albumin levels are affected by many factors such as chronic inflammation, elevated age, nutritional factors, and various clinical and subclinical diseases [31,32]. Thus, the mechanisms and clinical relevance of our findings require further investigation.
Clinical Significance of Nutrition and Inflammation in Esophageal Cancer Patients with Surgery: A Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Qiuxing Yang, Aiguo Shen, Xudong Chen, Liyuan Guo, Hui Peng, Mingde Gao
Cancer-associated malnutrition is driven by a reduced dietary intake and underlying metabolic changes, such as inflammation, anabolic resistance, proteolysis, lipolysis, and futile cycling, induced by the tumor and activated immune cells(36). An increasing number of studies have linked nutrition to carcinogenesis, aging, and inflammation. However, the potential mechanism of how GNRI and CAR affect the survival of patients with EC has not been elucidated yet. Albumin synthesized by the liver is considered a sign of both nutrition and inflammation in cancer patients(37). Moreover, it has been speculated that a decrease in serum albumin levels may be the cause of disappointing body weight or tumor. Inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, contribute to decreased albumin production(38). Albumin supplementation may support tumor growth by contributing to nutrient pools. In the tumor microenvironment, CRP has the potential to resolve an inflammatory environment by stimulating the retention of monocytes by directly binding to fibronectin, which can aid in the resolution of a pro-tumorigenic signaling milieu(39). Similarly, its ability to limit neutrophil chemotaxis via inhibiting IL-8-dependent migration may also prevent the exacerbation of tumor growth(40). Therefore, GNRI and CAR combine the significance of weight, albumin, and CRP, and they have a potential to be used as effective prognostic biomarkers.