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Measuring and monitoring vital signs
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Pulse oximetry enables continuous non-invasive monitoring of the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (Hb) (SpO2) in arterial blood, updated with each pulse wave, via a microprocessor with a probe attached to the individual. Haemoglobin is a molecule present in erythrocytes (red blood cells) that transports gases – especially oxygen – around the body. About 98% of the oxygen in the blood is transported and attached to these Hb molecules, to form what is called oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2), and about 2% of the oxygen is carried and dissolved in the plasma. Pulse oximetry measures how saturated with oxygen are the Hb molecules. RCP (2017) NEWS2 charts and e-observation systems include two scales SpO2 scale 1 oxygen saturations show a range of maintaining SpO2 between 96% and 100%. Scores of 94–95% indicate a score of 1, 92–93% indicate a score of 2, below 91% indicate a score of 3.
Carbon Dioxide Carriage in Blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The reverse of the process described in the section ‘Carbon dioxide transfer into the blood in systemic capillaries’ takes place when the erythrocytes are in the pulmonary capillaries. The Pco2 of venous blood (46 mmHg [6.1 kPa]) is higher than alveolar Pco2 (40 mmHg [5.3 kPa]) and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveolus (there is therefore a partial pressure gradient from the mitochondria in tissue cells to the alveoli), while oxygen diffuses into the erythrocyte. As described, the loss of carbon dioxide from the erythrocyte in the lung enhances oxygen uptake by haemoglobin. Alveolar Pco2 is determined by the balance between carbon dioxide output from blood and alveolar ventilation. The fractional concentration of carbon dioxide in alveoli equals the rate of carbon dioxide output (normally 200 mL/min) divided by minute alveolar ventilation. At the end of the pulmonary capillary, blood Pco2 is very close to that of alveolar gas.
The Hematologic System and its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Among the more common diseases of the hematologic system are the anemias. Derived from the prefix a- ("without") and the Greek word for blood (hairna, the source of the combining form hema- and its derivatives), anemia is a relative lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin. Anemias may result from impaired production of erythrocytes or hemoglobin, premature destruction of erythrocytes, or excessive loss of blood. As a result, one or more of the quantitative measures of red blood cells such as RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb), or hematocrit (Hct) may be below normal. RBC count is simply the number of erythrocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood. Hb is the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, usually measured in grams per 100 ml of blood. Hct refers to the percentage of the blood consisting of red blood cells, obtained by packing the red cells with centrifugation and reported in milliliters of packed red cells per 100 ml of blood.
Dose- and dosage-dependent spectrum of respiratory toxicity of cypermethrin in rabbits
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Latif Ahmad, Shafia Tahseen Gul, Xiaoxia Du, Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Rafiq Khanani, Shajeela Iram, Aziz Ur Rehman, Ahrar Khan
For the interpretation of clinical signs, laboratory analyses are helpful, like erythrocytic factors and indices (Vasić et al.2014). Hemoglobin (Hb) in erythrocytes of vertebrates transports O2 and eliminates CO2, but cell-free heme (CFH) and biomolecules induce inflammation (Gaggar and Patel 2016). The pulmonary microenvironment affects immune cells’ development in cancer, e.g. blood and tumor neutrophils and monocytes strongly differed in lung cancers (Zilionis et al.2019). Thus, pulmonary status is vital in diagnosis and prognosis. Anemia, low blood volume, and increased leukocytes make the body more vulnerable to infections (Ahmad et al.2011). The 3-phenoxybenzoic acid is a general metabolite of pyrethroid insecticide (Triutomo et al.2020, Li et al. 2023). A study on the consequences of urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid concentration on blood parameters in mature persons confirmed the association (Choi et al.2022).
A systemic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of ferumoxytol for anemia in chronic kidney disease patients
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Qianwei Zuo, Taizhong Wang, Lirong Zhu, Xiao Li, Qi Luo
Researchers have linked the presence of anemia in chronic kidney disease with worse prognostic outcomes in terms of mortality and long-term quality of life [5,6]. Erythrocytes are produced through erythropoiesis, a process typically reliant on sufficient levels of a glycoprotein-cytokine such as kidney-produced erythropoietin [7]. However, the extensive damage to nephrotic structures caused by chronic kidney disease, especially within the cortex and medulla, hinders erythropoietin manufacturing [8] and subsequent red blood cell production [9]. In addition, elevated hepcidin levels due to nephrotic inflammation can also instigate anemia by disrupting iron transport and metabolism, as well as by inhibiting erythropoiesis stimulators [10,11]. Finally, increased blood loss due to hemodialysis, increased uremic-inhibitor levels, and reduced erythrocyte lifespan have all been identified as additional factors that cause or aggravate anemia [12–14].
Decreased expression of HBA1 and HBB genes in acute myeloid leukemia patients and their inhibitory effects on growth of K562 cells
Published in Hematology, 2022
Ping Luo, Xiaoyan Liu, Zehai Tang, Bei Xiong
Erythropoiesis is a process that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into erythrocytes, including early erythropoiesis and terminal erythroid differentiation [2]. Primitive erythroblasts enucleate to become reticulocytes, which subsequently mature into red blood cells [3,4]. Adult red blood cells, as the terminal differential cells, with no nucleus and rather simple structure, have ceased dividing and have no proliferation capacity [5]. The main feature of red blood cells is a high level of adult hemoglobin, with hemoglobin A (HbA) accounting for 97% of its weight, which indicates that high expression of HbA may be accompanied by the cessation of cell proliferation. Human erythroleukemia K562 cells can proliferate indefinitely, but don’t express HbA. Does this mean that no expression of HbA may be accompanied by unlimited proliferation? HBB and HBA1 are genes that encode the normal adult hemoglobin tetramer (Hb) [6]. Adult hemoglobin (HbA) is the most popular form of hemoglobin including two β-globin molecules and two α-globin molecules [7]. Therefore, we hypothesized that HBB and HBA1 may be associated with differentiation degree and proliferation ability of blood cells.