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Articular Cartilage Development
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Cell adhesion mechanisms were initially proposed based on a series of experiments performed in the 1950s and 1960s by Aaron Moscona that examined the reaggregation of cells from disassociated embryos (Moscona and Moscona 1952; Moscona 1968). This led to the differential adhesion hypothesis by Malcom Steinberg to explain the sorting of mixtures consisting of different cell types (Steinberg and Roth 1964). Sorting was based on differences in the surface tension of various cells, modeled as viscoelastic fluids (Steinberg and Takeichi 1994). This hypothesis would be further elaborated upon with the identification of specific cell adhesion molecules. In cartilage development, the main molecules active in cell adhesion are the cadherins and integrins. Areas of mesenchymal condensation initiate further differentiation, which is dependent on cell aggregation and cell-cell interactions. Investigations with cell aggregation inhibitors, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, can block differentiation of prechondrogenic cells into chondrocytes (Tacchetti et al. 1992). Table 2.1 lists the most common adhesion molecules in cartilage and during limb development.
Core/shell multicellular spheroids on chitosan as in vitro 3D coculture tumor models
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Ching-Wen Tsai, Jyh-Horng Wang, Tai-Horng Young
The 3D suspension coculture system has been proposed, and it has been proved that it is better than 2D culture and 3D monoculture systems [35,36]. However, most systems could create 3D mixed multicellular spheroids only [37,38], and the exposed and dispersed stem cells or fibroblasts might lead to underestimate the anti-drug resistance of cells or overestimate the cytotoxicity of drugs. Recently, hanging-drop [39], ultra-low attachment 96-well plates [40], RGD peptide platform with the liquid overlay technique [41] and polyelectrolyte microcapsules [41] were proposed to create core/shell coculture multicellular spheroids, but these techniques are more time, labor and money consuming. From the conceptual basis of the feeder layers, we create core/shell coculture multicellular spheroids by biomaterials characteristics, which stem cells or fibroblasts aggregated in the core of the spheroids for supporting and cancer cells covered over the shell of the spheroids for being supported, by the differential adhesion hypothesis (DAH) in this study. In other words, cells with different amount of cadherin expression were used to create 3D core/shell coculture multicellular spheroids. Then, whether the 3D core/shell heterogeneous coculture multicellular spheroids were an effective screening model of anti-cancer drugs was following investigated.