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The Emerging Role of Exosome Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Zahra Sadat Hashemi, Mahlegha Ghavami, Saeed Khalili, Seyed Morteza Naghib
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that could differentiate into specialised cell types (potency) and proliferate indefinitely with numerous cell growth cycles (self-renewal) (Hashemi et al. 2015; Hashemi et al. 2013; Molaabasi et al. 2020; Ghorbanzade et al. 2020). The use of stem cells is a highly established approach in regenerative medicine (Askari and Naghib 2020; Ghorbanzade and Naghib 2019). For instance, Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) can differentiate into more than 200 types of cells which could be used to restore a patient’s tissue from severe injuries or chronic diseases (Mahla 2016). The application of regenerative medicine could encompass the cell therapy (using the patient’s own cells or non-native donor cells), treatment with growth factors, applications of recombinant proteins, small molecules, and finally tissue engineering and gene therapy. The cell therapy method could be defined as the introduction of new cells into the tissue for disease treatment. These new cells often focus on the stem cells or mature, functional cells with or without genetic modification (gene therapy) for both kinds of cells (Wei et al. 2013).
The science of biotechnology
Published in Ronald P. Evens, Biotechnology, 2020
In biotechnology, cell therapy involves obtaining healthy cells from a specific tissue, selecting out a specific subset of cells with certain desirable properties, and enhancing the activity of these cells through ex vivo manipulation. We then return these specifically selected, enhanced, and activated cells to patients who have damaged tissue and whose cells are not sufficiently functional, thereby ameliorating a disease. The patient also may benefit from enhanced cells improving disease response. For example, bone marrow progenitor cells can be collected from peripheral blood, bone marrow cells, or cord blood of cancer patients, and the cells with the greatest regenerative potential are selected and separated through various cell-tagging processes followed by ex vivo cell expansion. Selection also eliminates blood-borne cancer cells. Following life-threatening high-dose chemotherapy to kill cancer cells in a cancer patient, which destroys almost all the bone marrow hematopoietic cells, these selected progenitor cells are administered to the patient to accelerate regeneration of bone marrow and white blood cell production, especially preventing infections. See Figure 4.4 for the full process of cell therapy in oncology.
Concluding Thoughts
Published in Tariq I. Mughal, Precision Haematological Cancer Medicine, 2018
Presently, there is a palpable sense of confidence that immunotherapy will provide substantial long-term survival benefits to patients with diverse cancers, both haematological and solid tumours. This is based on several robust global studies which confirm the success of immunotherapy, in particular the newer immune checkpoint blockade with antibodies that target CTLA-4 and the PD-1 pathway. There are numerous clinical trials for cancer immunotherapies, some of which, including CAR T-cell therapy, have now been licensed by the FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). CAR T-cell therapy is also prohibitively expensive, marketed at about $475,000 per treatment in the United States. Collectively, much of this progress stems from our enhanced understanding of the role of the tumour microenvironment and the interactions between the cancer cells and the cellular environment.
Polysaccharide-based hydrogels for drug delivery and wound management: a review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Dhruv Sanjanwala, Vaishali Londhe, Rashmi Trivedi, Smita Bonde, Sujata Sawarkar, Vinita Kale, Vandana Patravale
Stem cell therapy, another type of cellular therapy, uses stem cells to treat and prevent various diseases and disorders. Biomimetic systems that can imitate native body tissues, like hydrogels, are the most suitable for the delivery of stem cells. For example, in the case of critical limb ischemia, a condition caused by severe occlusion of arteries in the limbs resulting in a significant reduction in blood supply to the extremities, pro-angiogenic stem cells have been explored as a new treatment modality. In a study by Wang and coworkers, HA/chitosan composite hydrogels with immobilized C domain peptide of the insulin-like growth factor 1 were explored as carriers for adipose derived stromal cells (proangiogenic cells). The hydrogels improved the viability and proangiogenic activity of the cells. Upon injection into murine models of ischemic hind limbs, the cell-laden hydrogels significantly improved blood perfusion and muscle regeneration, thereby saving the limb function [290]. Similarly, Zhang et al. fabricated nitric oxide (NO) releasing chitosan hydrogels loaded with human placenta derived mesenchymal cells for the treatment of hindlimb ischemia. The implantation of the hydrogel ameliorated the recovery of the functions of the hindlimbs with significant enhancement neovascularization [291].
Research progress on detachable microneedles for advanced applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
SeungHyun Park, KangJu Lee, WonHyoung Ryu
Cell therapy approaches have been widely used to treat diseased tissues. However, the efficiency of these approaches remains unproven based on numerous preclinical and clinical trials mainly due to the poor retention of transplanted cells [105]. For instance, it has been shown that more than 90% of injected cells are typically lost within 24 h of delivery regardless of the delivery route, such as intramyocardial or intracoronary injection [106]. MSCs embedded in an ECM-like porous matrix showed low therapeutic efficacy owing to low engraftment to the host tissue and poor migratory effects of cells to the injury site [107]. A recent study also showed that epicardially implanted MSCs had low retention on a rat cardiac muscle and improved the heart function through the paracrine release of soluble factors and cytokines [108]. Direct cell injection into tissues is also invasive and may be unable to regenerate large defect areas due to the limited number of injections. Therefore, novel approaches are needed to improve the MSC retention on the tissue in a minimally invasive manner.
Engineering mesenchymal stem cells: a novel therapeutic approach in breast cancer
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Razieh Heidari, Neda Gholamian Dehkordi, Roohollah Mohseni, Mohsen Safaei
Breast cancer is classified based on the various subtypes, and it extremely heterogeneous in terms of prognosis, degree of metastasis, and disease progression, which makes it hard to treat [3]. In this regard, treatment can be conducted based on combined therapeutic methods containing endocrine and targeted therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Nevertheless, such techniques may have undesirable consequences, such as locating problems to tumour sites, dispersed nature of the disease, and toxicity [4]. As a unique therapeutic strategy, cell therapy is used for various diseases, such as cancer [5]. Migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to sites of tissue injury and tumours may occur after systemic treatment. Since the identification of the MSCs has been the tumour-oriented homing ability of MSCs, studies have shown that they have application for tumour-directed migration and have a high potential for cancer therapies including, a promising vector for therapeutic agent delivery to tumours and metastatic niches. Thereby, a unique investigation field has been inspired to achieve effective cancer therapy by the use of engineered MSCs [6–8].