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Extracellular Matrix: The State of the Art in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja A Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla, Anmoldeep Kaur
Regenerative strategies mainly focus on stem cell-based or tissue engineering applications for remodelling and regeneration of defective cells, tissues, and organs. Stem cell differentiation is modulated by signals from the extracellular microenvironment including the extracellular matrix (ECM) (Chen and Liu 2016). Cellular migration and differentiation events are the main key factors that are considered for the design of regenerative medicine (Mata et al. 2017). The ECM is composed of several types of collagens, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans, which are assembled into a complex structure (Yue 2014). The composition of ECM varies from tissue to tissue and organ to organ (Kular et al. 2014). The distinctive functions of the ECM include cell adhesion, the physical barrier for different tissues. It also impacts many cellular functions, including mechanical stimulation from substrates, activation of intracellular signalling by cell adhesion molecules, and availability and action of soluble factor (Muncie and Weaver 2018).
Introduction to Genomics
Published in Altuna Akalin, Computational Genomics with R, 2020
DNA methylation is also related to a key core and proximal promoter element: CpG islands. CpG islands are usually unmethylated, however, for some genes, CpG island methylation accompanies their silenced expression. For example, during X-chromosome inactivation, many CpG islands are heavily methylated and the associated genes are silenced. In addition, in embryonic stem cell differentiation, pluripotency-associated genes are silenced due to DNA methylation. Apart from methylation, there are other kinds of DNA modifications present in mammalian genomes, such as hydroxy-methylation and formylcytosine. These are other modifications under current research that are either intermediate or stable modifications with distinct functional associations. There are at least a dozen distinct DNA modifications observed when we look across all studied species (Sood et al., 2019).
Quantitative Evaluation of Minimal Injuries
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Although morphometric studies can provide evidence of population shifts, they measure only static characteristics of the cell population. No kinetic data about cell death, cell proliferation, or cell differentiation can be detailed by morphometric studies alone. Cytodynamic studies, however, can be a highly sensitive index of cell injury. The sample of NO2-induced epithelial changes demonstrated that hypertrophy can be offset by cell spreading and cell proliferation. Cell proliferation can in turn be offset by cell differentiation. In mild injuries, the rate of cell proliferation and differentiation (repair) may keep pace with the rate of cell injury so that no overt injury can be detected, unless the rate of cell death is measured.
The effect of ionomycin-induced oocyte activation on multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Zhiren Liu, Yujia Guo, Xingting Chen, Chen Lin, Xinxin Guo, Mingting Jiang, Qicai Liu
Day 6 embryos with blastulation failure are suitable for the comparison. Through the transcriptome analysis of day 6 embryos, GO analysis showed that AOA had effects on the terms of ‘protein-DNA complex’, ‘nucleosome’, and ‘DNA packaging complex’. It indicated that AOA had an effect on the chromosome structure of the day 6 embryo. The change in chromosome structure can further affect transcriptional regulation and selective expression of genes. Cell differentiation depends on gene-specific expression. Therefore, cell differentiation may also be affected by AOA. It may be why the blastocysts of AOA groups had more differentiation failure cells. In addition, in the ‘protein heterodimerization activity’ term, except for the genes involved in chromosome structure, most of the rest of the genes are involved in transcriptional regulation. These genes included USF1, NFYB, METTL3, LSM6, GTF2A1, FMR1, CREB3L3, CEBPB, and BHLHE40 (Table 2 and Supplementary Table 3). METTL3 has been shown to be involved in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (Geula et al. 2015). Therefore, AOA also has a direct effect on transcriptional regulation.
Adrenergic receptor behaviors of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from different tissue sources and the effect of the receptor blockade on differentiation
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Erkan Maytalman, Arash Alizadeh Yegani, Ilknur Kozanoglu, Fazilet Aksu
Differentiation capacity of MSCs is important for tissue repair after transplantation. However, MSCs also have potential for use in clinical trials after in vitro differentiation [13,14]. Thus, the way in which receptor mechanisms affect differentiation is important. Cell differentiation depends on several signaling pathways. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) belongs to nuclear hormone receptor family and acts as a trigger for differentiation, which is abundantly expressed in adipogenic modulation of MSCs [15,16]. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are signal molecules that stimulate ectopic bone formation. The activation of BMPs is important for osteogenic differentiation of MSCs harboring all BMP receptors [17,18]. These molecules were shown to be associated with ARs in rare studies [19,20].
Polymorphism of the THOC5 of the transcription/export multiprotein complex and its correlation with the lipid and metabolic profile in middle-aged women
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Rita Loja-Chango, Danny Salazar-Pousada, Gustavo S. Escobar-Valdivieso, Cecibel Ramírez-Morán, Jasson Espinoza-Caicedo, Faustino R. Pérez-López, Antonio W. D. Gavilanes, Peter Chedraui
TREX (evolutionary conserved from uni- to pluricellular organisms) is required to match elongation, transcription and the output of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [5,6]. TREX has six subunits which are known to be involved in the control of several cellular processes such proliferation and differentiation, and also tumor development [9]. A previous study has demonstrated that the reduction of THOC5 caused abnormal differentiation of progenitor hematopoietic cell lines [7]. This study highlights the importance of this complex for mammalian cell differentiation. Keeping this in mind, the present pilot study sought to correlate the genotypes of a specific polymorphism of the THOC5 gene with lipid and metabolic parameters.