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Models of Toxicity Screening Using Cultured Cells
Published in John J. Lemasters, Constance Oliver, Cell Biology of Trauma, 2020
Roberta L. Grant, Daniel Acosta
There are certain basic steps that should be followed before in vitro cellular systems are used to investigate the toxicity of compounds (Figure 1). The target organ in which toxicity occurs after exposure to the compound should be identified. Human tissue or tissue from a species of animal that responds with fidelity to the toxic insult should be used for the cell culture procedure. A cell culture system should be developed which maximizes cell growth, differentiated characteristics, and retention of specialized functions. This culture system should be characterized to demonstrate that it retains key functions and characteristics of the in vivo tissue and also when these key characteristics are lost.
Endothelial Cells of the Lung
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Another advantage of the cell culture approach is that pure populations of cells can be isolated and their individual cell products purified. These substances can then be used with other cell types found in the same organ to determine if one cell’s products affect the behavior of another different cell. For example, it is now known that there is signaling between smooth muscle and endothelial cells within the vessel wall. By isolating the products of one cell type and adding them to the culture medium of th other, considerable new information has been obtained about the interactions between these cells (Mecham et al., 1987). It is also possible to isolate large quantities of endothelial cell products by using innovative culture techniques. For example, substantial increases in the surface area available for cell growth can be provided by microcarrier beads (Davies, 1981), which make it possible to purity substantial quantities of cell products.
Enhanced Scaffold Fabrication Techniques for Optimal Characterization
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Tshai Kim Yeow, Lim Siew Shee, Yong Leng Chuan, Chou Pui May
In fact, biochemical cues from 3D environment are essential in forming relevant physiological tissue structures. Cells cultured in 3D matrix exhibit significant changes in morphology, functions and differentiation. Numerous literatures presented that fibroblasts cultured in 3D collagen achieved better in vivo phenotype and a high viability of hepatocytes was preserved. In this context, the interconnectivity of 3D structure improves the transportation of nutrients and metabolites in and out of the tissue model (Suuronen et al. 2005). In addition, a greater number of cells can be supported by 3D cell culture compared to 2D cell culture. Furthermore, a direct relationship between function and structure can be obtained via the well-defined architecture of 3D cell culture (Liu et al. 2007). As a result, a better understanding on the spatial resolution in human body is obtained.
Culturing human pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Hiroki Ozawa, Takuya Matsumoto, Masato Nakagawa
On the other hand, autologous transplantation is a personalized medicine approach. Cells and tissues taken from a patient at a hospital are cultured and then returned to the same patient at the same hospital. The aim is to provide the best possible treatment for the individual patient. The cell manufacturing process includes so-called upstream and downstream processes. Upstream processes include cell line establishment, cell amplification, differentiation induction. Downstream processes include cell isolation, purification, aliquoting, freezing, and packaging. Establishing these consistent process technologies is critical for ensuring the safety and efficacy of cell therapy. Cell culture is the most widely used of these processes, and improvements in cell culture technology will contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and safety.
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture studies: a review of the field of toxicology
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Seda İpek, Aylin Üstündağ, Benay Can Eke
Cells respond to specific signals and cues in their 3D environment, resulting in cell proliferation, differentiation, and function in the body (Knight and Przyborski 2015). This process depends on interactions between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), and ingredients of the ECM as well (Saydé et al.2021). There are diverse methods available for 3D cell culture techniques. However, no technology can satisfy the requirements of all 3D cell cultures, and therefore users must choose the model that best meets their needs (Knight and Przyborski 2015). A 3D system needs to hold a few key characteristics, such as retaining the natural shape of the cell and allowing heterogeneous contact between the surface of the cell and the medium. In addition, it should be possible to observe high cell viability and proliferation in 3D systems (Saydé et al.2021). 3D culture techniques can be categorized into two main groups; scaffold-based and scaffold-free methods (Souza et al.2016). However, organoids can be generated with or without a scaffold (Baert et al.2017), and thus we separated the cell culture techniques into three groups by mentioning organoids separately from the other techniques.
Treatment with human umbilical cord blood serum in a gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity model in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Naser Mirazi, Fatemeh Baharvand, Reza Moghadasali, Alireza Nourian, Abdolkarim Hosseini
Kidney transplantation and dialysis are the therapeutic strategies for renal patients. However, the lack of donors and the high cost limit the use of these therapies (Nash et al.2002). That said, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation-based therapies to stimulate renal reconstruction due to secretion of paracrine or biologically active factors including anti-apoptotic, angiogenic, antioxidant, and immune mediators have been reported to be auspicious (Tögel et al.2005). It should be mentioned, nonetheless, that poor transplantation and uncontrolled growth are two major concerns for the use of these cells (Rota et al.2019). Therefore, it is more clinically desirable to choose cell-free therapeutic options, provided more significant positive effects are observed. Following the cell-free therapeutic approaches, the use of stem cell culture media has been previously studied, in which the preparation and cultivation of cells have incurred some costs (Moghadasali et al.2013).