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Toward a Theory of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
Evidence for altered brain development is now coming into view.8 Of particular interest to us is evidence for altered functional connectivity, as illustrated in Figure 3.1. The evidence is compelling that in unexposed brains one sees a healthy network under the aegis of the left anterior cingulate, directing a confident interaction with the outside world. By contrast, in the exposed case the well-elaborated network emanates instead from the right precuneus, which has primary responsibility for securing safety, in collaboration with the right anterior insula. At the same time, the frontal circuitry is impoverished in comparison with the unexposed individuals. The trauma history, irrespective of its nature, has fundamentally altered how the brain engages with the outside world and manages its internal regulatory regime.9
Pain management
Published in Barbara Smith, Linda Field, Nursing Care, 2019
According to Fogul (2012) when people feel emotional pain, the same areas of the brain is activated as when people feel physical pain: that is the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex. This demonstrates the close connection between pain and emotion (Fogul, 2012).
A neurobiological view of pain as a homeostatic emotion
Published in Jennifer Corns, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Pain, 2017
Irina A. Strigo, Arthur D. (“Bud”) Craig
These convergent findings support the idea that subjective awareness of the emotional state of the material self is based on neural integration of the body’s physiological state, consistent with embodiment theories of emotion and psychological evidence (Barrett et al. 2004, see below, section 7). Key evidence was provided by several demonstrations of unique overlap between neural activation during subjective interoceptive feelings and emotional feelings in the anterior insula. Thus, we experience emotional feelings as if they were feelings from the body based on integration in the anterior insular cortex (Craig 2015a). Accordingly, the condition of the body affects our feelings and motivations continuously, and vice versa. For example, pain is more unpleasant and interoceptive circuitry more active when one feels acutely sad or clinically depressed, as described below (Ushinsky et al. 2013).
Linear scalar-on-surface random effects regression models
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2019
The results suggest that the brain resting-state functional connectivity between the bilateral insula and several regions (occipital cortex, ACC/MFC, and thalamus) account for individuals neuroticism scores most. These findings are consistent with previous neuroimaging studies that, as the primary motor and sensory region, occipital cortex connectivity is related to personality domains and other higher-order behavioral traits [1,15,20,43]. ACC/MFC is one of the most important regions involved in diverse aspects of cognition, such as self-evaluation and higher-order executive control. Adelstein et al. [1] used ACC as a seed to conduct RSFC analysis and revealed the ACC connectivity predicted all personality traits. Furthermore, ACC has been shown to be functionally connected with the anterior insula, and this link may be involved in emotional salience monitoring [13,34]. Studies have shown neuroticism is positively correlated with the ACC area [4,19,22]. Additionally, neuroticism has been reported to be negatively associated with both IFG and insula activity during shock anticipation [12], which is in line with our finding that the insula-IFG connectivity is negatively related to the neuroticism scores.
Deaf, Not Invisible: Sign Language Interpreting in a Global Pandemic
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2021
Joanna Trzeciak Huss, John Huss
An occupational hazard for medical interpreters and others on the front lines of healthcare is vicarious trauma, which arises from exposure to the trauma of others (Guardino 2018). Investigations of vicarious trauma suggest it has a similar neurological basis to primary trauma (Isobel and Angus-Leppan 2018). Activity in the anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex and inferior frontal cortex is the neurological correlate of an emotional experience. In vicarious trauma, it is thought that these same regions are activated via the mirror neuron system, resulting in neuro-reciprocity (Isobel and Angus-Leppan 2018). In the end-of-life consultation described by Koutsouras, Eastwood, and Krishnamurthy (2021), it can be presumed that Mrs. T, and possibly her son, are experiencing trauma. Hence, the medical interpreter, if empathically attuned to the state of Mrs. T., likely experienced a vicariously traumatic event, perhaps not the first or last in this line of work. As the parasympathetic nervous system attempts to regulate the response of an over-activated sympathetic nervous system, the perceived (mirrored) threat can elicit adaptive responses of the neuroendocrine, limbic, and autonomic systems (Isobel and Angus-Leppan 2018). Unless contained or resolved, such repeated responses, similar to those experienced by psychiatrists in their empathic engagement (Isobel and Angus-Leppan 2018), risk harming the medical interpreter (Guardino 2018). Harmful sequelae may be partially mitigated at the individual level by cultivating conscious awareness of these responses as they occur, engaging higher cortical centers in the contextualization of the trauma and at the institutional level through mutual support and trauma-informed approaches (Isobel and Angus-Leppan 2018; Sansbury, Graves, and Scott 2015).
Hypnotizability-Related Effects of Pain Expectation on the Later Modulation of Cortical Connectivity
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2020
Seyedeh-Parisa Zarei, Lucia Briscese, Simone Capitani, Bruno Rossi, Maria C. Carboncini, Enrica L. Santarcangelo, Ali Motie Nasrabadi
The results of inflow analysis showed an enhanced inflow for the anterior regions in the right hemisphere. This finding is in line with neuroimaging studies highlighting the role of modules located within anterior brain regions (such as the right anterior insula and prefrontal cortex) in pain anticipation (Brown et al., 2008; Ploner et al., 2010a) and their strong functional (Peltz et al., 2011; Ploner et al., 2010a, 2010b) and structural (Peng et al., 2015; Wiech et al., 2008) connection with structures involved in affective and cognitive modulation of pain.