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The History of Nuclear Medicine
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
In 1935, after completing a professorship at the University of Freiburg (1927–1935), George de Hevesy went to the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen for a second stint (1935–1943). His primary interest was to identify radionuclides that can be used as tracers in biological research. He managed to produce some kilobecquerels of 32P using a strong Ra/Be source emitting slow-energy neutrons. George de Hevesy started a series of experiments in which different 32P-labelled compounds were administered to animals to study the distribution and metabolism of the substances. This radiotracer principle is the foundation of all diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures, and de Hevesy is widely considered as the father of nuclear medicine. After the Nazi regime occupied Denmark, he felt unsafe and, in October 1943 he fled to Sweden, where he continued his research at the University of Stockholm (Figure 1.5). George de Hevesey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1943. In 1948, he published a 556-page compilation about available isotopes and their applications for research, entitled Radioactive indicators; their applications in biochemistry, animal physiology, and pathology [19].
Historical Background to Experimental Liver Transplantation
Published in Naoshi Kamada, Experimental Liver Transplantation, 2019
A further advantage of the rat model has been the ability to investigate mechanisms of liver-induced unresponsiveness in detail at the cellular and molecular levels. It has become clear that the tolerance which follows liver allografting in certain rat strain combinations is a complex phenomenon, involving alterations in cellular reactivity (clonal deletion of al- loreactive T cells), a high level of serum antibody against class II transplantation antigens, and the presence of free class I antigens in the circulation. The evidence for possible mechanisms of unresponsiveness is discussed in the latter part of this volume. Most of the work described herein is from the author’s laboratory and was carried out at the Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham, Cambridge (1979 to 1981) and subsequently (1981 to 1985) at the Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, England in association with Professor Calne and colleagues.
History of Thermal Imaging from 1960
Published in Kurt Ammer, Francis Ring, The Thermal Human Body, 2019
Thermography in veterinary medicine was included in the first international symposium in New York 1963 [27]. Other early applications included animal physiology [28, 29], animal models of physiological functions [30] and pharmacology [31]. Further diagnostic thermography was developed for domestic and farm animals [32, 33]. Specialized centres around the world have extended thermal imaging studies in animals, i.e. cattle, horses, pigs, etc.
Inter-organ regulation by the brain in Drosophila development and physiology
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2023
Sunggyu Yoon, Mingyu Shin, Jiwon Shim
Recent studies have extended the significance of brain functions to animal physiology and homeostasis (Castillo-Armengol et al., 2019; Roh et al., 2016). One example of such control is the endocrine system involving the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, or pineal gland in humans, where various hormones are released into blood vessels to modulate the function of other organs. The mechanism underlying the human menstrual cycle is modified by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) generated by gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. The release of FSH and LH is activated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), controlled by negative estrogen feedback produced by the ovary (Mihm et al., 2011). In addition to endocrine pathways transmitted via representative hormones, unconventional signaling molecules, including neurotransmitters and metabolic byproducts, also serve as signaling messengers (Gancheva et al., 2018; Marina et al., 2018; Newsholme et al., 2003), which together facilitate inter-organ interaction. However, owing to the sophisticated nature of such interactions, it is challenging to delineate the mechanistic details underlying inter-organ communication in vivo, especially in higher vertebrates.
Skeletal muscle plasticity and thermogenesis: Insights from sea otters
Published in Temperature, 2022
Traver Wright, Melinda Sheffield-Moore
Expanding our appreciation of skeletal muscle beyond its basic role of generating movement is critical to understanding how an ecological parameter such as ambient temperature affects animal physiology, metabolism, and physical performance. Our recent work utilizing sea otters as a novel animal model of hypermetabolism emphasizes the critical importance of metabolic plasticity in skeletal muscle to meet the metabolic demands faced by mammals for endothermy and energy balance. This work also illustrates how manipulation of skeletal muscle metabolism (e.g. either up to stimulate weight loss or down to reduce body wasting) offers tremendous potential to improve human health and disease. Seeking a more complete understanding of how mammals use morphological and metabolic adaptations to survive extreme temperatures, the hypermetabolic thermogenesis of sea otters elegantly demonstrates the importance of skeletal muscle metabolic plasticity, and re minds us that physiological ecology can also guide our clinical perspective of human health and disease.
Evaluating the safety profile of focused ultrasound and microbubble-mediated treatments to increase blood-brain barrier permeability
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Dallan McMahon, Charissa Poon, Kullervo Hynynen
Similarly, Downs et al. assessed the effects of repeated FUS+MB treatments on decision-making and motor control. FUS was targeted to the putamen and caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia in one hemisphere over a maximum of 20 months in macaques. Of the 61 spots treated, 4 exhibited possible edema (hyperintensities in T2w MRI), all of which resolved within 1 week. Animal physiology (locomotion, eating, drinking, social behaviors) was unaffected by FUS+MB treatments. Visual perception, decision-making, motivation, and motor function were evaluated using the reward magnitude bias and random dot motion tasks. All three animals exhibited variability in behavioral tasks. Authors noted that responses differed between high and low rewards on non-sonication days, suggesting that FUS+MB treatments may impact motivation. In addition, behavioral data on days when T2w images showed hyperintense voxels were not significantly different from when no hyperintense voxels were present, indicating that spots of potential edema did not substantially affect behavioral responses. Decision-making responses on sonication and non-sonication days were also not significantly different. Behavioral tests were conducted several hours after FUS+MB treatments, 1 h after anesthesia ended [115]. Using similar exposure conditions but in alert macaques, the same group found significant decreases in touch error in responding to cue stimuli after treatment, but varied results in reaction time [116].