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Green Metal-Based Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Medicinal Plants and Plant Phytochemicals against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed, Lin Xiao, Tracey Jill Morton McKay, Guang Yang
Some of the fundamental phenotypical characteristics of VISA include increased thickness of the cell wall as a result of differentially regulated stimulatory pathways and cell wall biosynthesis (Daum et al., 1992; Moreira et al., 1997; Hanaki et al., 1998; Boyle-Vavra et al., 2001). This reduces peptidoglycan cross-linking, affecting cell wall turnover enzymes by decreasing their autolytic activity (Vaudaux et al., 2001; Boyle-Vavra et al., 2003; Howden et al., 2006,). There is also a change in the protein profile of the surface, compromising the agr function and changing growth characteristics (Pfeltz et al., 2000; Sakoulas et al., 2002; McCallum et al., 2006). Several methods have been used to explore the VISA phenotype molecular genetic basis. Multiple genes, as well as mutations thereof, appear to be responsible for vancomycin intermediate phenotype (Pfeltz et al., 2000; Boyle-Vavra et al., 2001; Muthaiyan et al., 2004; Scherl et al., 2006; Mwangi et al., 2007). Multiple studies show that VISA could have originated from a multistep process. Most probably numerous pathways are involved with intermediatory vancomycin resistance (Howden et al., 2010). A complete reconstitution of VISA from vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (strain N315ΔIP) concluded that all six mutated genes are needed to develop the VISA phenotype (Katayama et al., 2016). These genes are involved in maintaining cell physiology. Therefore, VISA phenotype is achieved via multiple genetic incidents leading to extreme alteration in cell physiology.
Endogenous Proviruses
Published in Pimentel Enrique, Oncogenes, 2020
Viral particles from endogenous retroviruses are usually not visible by electron microscopy in adult human tissues, but such particles can be observed in up to 95% of fresh specimens of human placentas fixed immediately after delivery.23 The particles observed in human placentas resemble type-D retroviruses.24 Retrovirus-like particles of endogenous origin have also been observed in normal human fetuses.25 The latter particles contain reverse transcriptase and can be isolated from every human organ at certain stages of differentiation, which suggests a possible role in normal cell physiology. These retrovirus-like elements may be related to BaEV, and nucleotide sequences related to BaEV have been found in the normal human genome.” The mechanisms responsible for the emergence of viral particles in normal human placentas and fetuses and for the lack of such particles in adult human tissues are unknown.
Pregnancy-Related Proteins Detected by Their Biological Activities
Published in Gábor N. Than, Hans Bohn, Dénes G. Szabó, Advances in Pregnancy-Related Protein Research, 2020
Numerous cytokines have been described, and include the interferons, the interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, and colony stimulating factors. Their actions are highly complex and often ill-understood but their overall importance to the immune response and many other aspects of cell physiology is in no doubt. A number of cytokines have been identified in the human placenta, decidua, and amniotic fluid as well as in the blood of pregnant women, where they appear to play an important role during pregnancy.150
Use of qPCR for the analysis of population heterogeneity and dynamics during Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus batch culture
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Shiwei Chen, Pimin Gong, Jianming Zhang, Yujuan Shan, Xue Han, Lanwei Zhang
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as some Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium, have been used as the main probiotic ingredients in health-promoting products, “living” and available in “adequate amounts” are becoming an important requirement for the concept of probiotics [1–3]. To fulfil the demand of high-yielding of their valuable biomass in probiotic products, all cells should exhibit the ability of high productivity [4]. Nevertheless, previous researchers suggested that the varying of bacterial cell growth is interpreted as heterogeneous cellular states, some of the heterogeneous cellular states reduce cell yields and productivities, making bioprocesses less predictable in production scale [4–6], and heterogeneous cells are a disadvantage when used as probiotics, because the probiotics must be administered in adequate “living” amounts to confer a health benefit on the host [7]. In light of increasing demand for biotechnological production processes improving bacterial cell factory processes, accurate information of bacterial physiological heterogeneity under the dynamic conditions in a bioprocess is of vital importance. Consequently, advanced techniques that provide insights into bacterial cell physiology are needed [8].
A perspective on C. elegans neurodevelopment: from early visionaries to a booming neuroscience research
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
The systematic generation of mutants was a productive conceptual leap for connecting animal and cell physiology to genetic information. Sequencing the C. elegans genome and the subsequently established methodologies for genetic mapping (Wicks, Yeh, Gish, Waterston, & Plasterk, 2001) enabled the identification of all mutations that impair nervous system development. Luckily, albeit unanticipated by Brenner, the external application of double-stranded RNA in C. elegans suppresses gene expression. Needless to say, genome sequencing allows for the recent CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and reverse genetics by RNA interference (Dickinson & Goldstein, 2016; Kamath et al., 2003). This array of unbiased and targeted gene manipulations allows for comprehensive research of neurodevelopment.
Somewhere over the sex differences rainbow of myocardial infarction remodeling: hormones, chromosomes, inflammasome, oh my
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Kristine Y. DeLeon-Pennell, Merry L. Lindsey
X chromosome inactivation provides dosage compensation for X-linked genes between XX females and XY males [51]. For example, if a mother has a deleterious X mutation, the mutation is expressed in all cells of XY individuals but only half of the cells of XX individuals, making males more susceptible to X-linked mutations. Under normal conditions, a balanced gene expression between males and females is achieved due to X inactivation. However, X inactivation is not always 100% complete. In women, 15% of X chromosomal genes are overexpressed due to activation in both X chromosomes, while 3% are overexpressed in female mice [54]. Due to chromosomal differences, the use of mice may not fully recapitulate the role of the X chromosome. Spolarics et al. showed that blood neutrophils could be assessed for the X-linked protein marker glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase as a means to investigate female immune cell mosaicism using the unique inheritance pattern of X-linked polymorphisms [55]. Using an X-linked protein marker, cells can be separated and assessed for physiological differences linking mosaicism to changes in cellular function. Coupling this approach with a proteomics output would be a way to connect molecular to cell physiology.