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Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
DNA carries the genetic information to determine heritable properties of an organism (i.e., its phenotype). The DNA is initially transcribed into complementary polymers of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the form called messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA subsequently serves as a template for synthesis of protein molecules; a process that is mediated by ribosomes. Ribosomes are microparticles composed of protein linked to another class of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes consist of smaller (30S) and larger (50S) subunits and tend to form aggregates or strands called polyribosomes.
Food Interactions, Sirtuins, Genes, Homeostasis, and General Discussion
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Ribosomal RNA or rRNA is found in the ribosomes and accounts for 80% of the total RNA present in the cell (112). Different rRNAs present in the ribosomes include small rRNAs and large rRNAs, which denote their presence in the small and large subunits of the ribosome. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) combine with proteins in the cytoplasm to form ribosomes or ribonucleoproteins, which act as the site of protein synthesis and have the enzymes needed for the process. These complex structures travel along the mRNA molecule during translation and facilitate the assembly of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. They bind to transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and other molecules that are crucial for protein synthesis. In humans, small rRNAs and large rRNAs have about 1,800 and 5,000 nucleotides, respectively (112).
Cellular and Immunobiology
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Masood Moghul, Sarah McClelland, Prabhakar Rajan
Therough ER has ribosomes on its surface and is key in protein manufacture.Ribosomes are molecular machines—sites of protein synthesis.
Blocking SP/NK1R signaling improves spinal cord hemisection by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rabbits
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Yuehuan Zheng, Nannan Wang, Zhe Chen, Liqiang Shi, Xiangyang Xu
The normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) requires the interaction of multiple cell types, including neurons, glial cells, and non-nerve cells.23 Electron microscopy shows that the nissl body is a ribosome similar to the rough endoplasmic reticulum pool in neurons. Each ribosome is a complex composed of rRNA and proteins that use transfer RNA and amino acids to synthesize proteins from mRNA. In other words, the nissl bodies is a major component of the neuronal protein synthesis mechanism.24 It is reported that the nissl bodies is a large basophilic mass and particle in the neuronal cell body or dendrites. When neurons are damaged, the nissl bodies dissolve and even disappear. During damage recovery, the nissl bodies appear again and reach normal levels. Therefore, nissl bodies can be used as markers of the functional state of neurons.24 In this study, we preliminarily found that the number of nissl bodies increased notably in the spinal cord tissue of the rabbits in the OB group on the 7th day, suggesting that the nissl bodies may be involved in the repair process of SCI.
Diversity of neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus
Published in Immunological Medicine, 2020
Ribosomes are organelles of protein synthesis and are composed of ribosomal protein–RNA complexes. Ribosomal P protein refers to three types of phosphorylated proteins present on the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. It is also known as the neuronal surface P antigen (NSPA) due to their expression on the neuronal cell surface in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala [23]. P antigen consists of the highly conserved carboxy-terminal residues of three ribosomal phosphoproteins, P0 (38 kDa), P1 (19 kDa) and P2 (17 kDa) [24]. Anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies recognize all these proteins [25], increase cellular calcium influx and induce cell death [26]. Passive transfer experiments in mice have shown that anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies isolated from SLE patients induce olfactory abnormalities [27], depression-like manifestations [28] and memory impairment [29]. In addition, ribosomal P proteins are expressed on the surfaces of peripheral blood monocytes. Binding of anti-ribosomal P protein antibody to monocytes increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-6 from monocytes [30]. Since these cytokines contribute to the BBB breach, the association between anti-ribosomal P antibodies and BBB breach has recently been considered.
Use of argyrophilic nucleolar–organizer region-associated protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells for prediction of chronic carbon monoxide exposure
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Harun Gunes, Ayhan Saritas, Recep Eroz, Serdar Colakoglu
AgNORs are functional components of the nucleolus in which actively transcribed rDNA is surrounded by lots of regulatory proteins in the interphase (Ploton et al.1988). Various nucleolar proteins have been described in humans. Most of them are thought to be involved in the processing and maturation of rRNAs, and formation of mature ribosomes. (Scherl et al.2002, Andersen et al.2005, Boisvert et al.2007). Major physiological cellular processes including ribosome assembly, generation of ribonucleoprotein complexes and mitosis (cell proliferation) are connected with the nucleolus (Boisvert et al.2007). Low levels of CO play a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation (mitosis), and AgNOR amounts can be used as a proliferation marker (Pich et al.2004, Eroz et al.2011, 2013). Additionally, the number, distribution, and shape of AgNORs provide significant information about the behavior of the cell with respect to the current secretory capacity.