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Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
DNA carries the genetic information to determine heritable properties of an organism (i.e., its phenotype). The DNA is initially transcribed into complementary polymers of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the form called messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA subsequently serves as a template for synthesis of protein molecules; a process that is mediated by ribosomes. Ribosomes are microparticles composed of protein linked to another class of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes consist of smaller (30S) and larger (50S) subunits and tend to form aggregates or strands called polyribosomes.
Food Interactions, Sirtuins, Genes, Homeostasis, and General Discussion
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Ribosomal RNA or rRNA is found in the ribosomes and accounts for 80% of the total RNA present in the cell (112). Different rRNAs present in the ribosomes include small rRNAs and large rRNAs, which denote their presence in the small and large subunits of the ribosome. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) combine with proteins in the cytoplasm to form ribosomes or ribonucleoproteins, which act as the site of protein synthesis and have the enzymes needed for the process. These complex structures travel along the mRNA molecule during translation and facilitate the assembly of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. They bind to transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and other molecules that are crucial for protein synthesis. In humans, small rRNAs and large rRNAs have about 1,800 and 5,000 nucleotides, respectively (112).
The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Within the nucleus there is an area called the nucleolus. The nucleolus is primarily responsible for the production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which combines with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make the ribosomes, which then leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm to attach to endoplasmic reticulum or to attach to the cytoskeleton as individual units.
Blocking SP/NK1R signaling improves spinal cord hemisection by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rabbits
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Yuehuan Zheng, Nannan Wang, Zhe Chen, Liqiang Shi, Xiangyang Xu
The normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) requires the interaction of multiple cell types, including neurons, glial cells, and non-nerve cells.23 Electron microscopy shows that the nissl body is a ribosome similar to the rough endoplasmic reticulum pool in neurons. Each ribosome is a complex composed of rRNA and proteins that use transfer RNA and amino acids to synthesize proteins from mRNA. In other words, the nissl bodies is a major component of the neuronal protein synthesis mechanism.24 It is reported that the nissl bodies is a large basophilic mass and particle in the neuronal cell body or dendrites. When neurons are damaged, the nissl bodies dissolve and even disappear. During damage recovery, the nissl bodies appear again and reach normal levels. Therefore, nissl bodies can be used as markers of the functional state of neurons.24 In this study, we preliminarily found that the number of nissl bodies increased notably in the spinal cord tissue of the rabbits in the OB group on the 7th day, suggesting that the nissl bodies may be involved in the repair process of SCI.
Perspectives on the advances in the pharmacotherapeutic management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Kelsie D. Kracht, Nicole L. Eichorn, Daniel J. Berlau
Another therapeutic class with mixed results is the read-through therapies. Nonsense mutations in DMD create a premature stop codon that shortens the reading frame of the dystrophin protein, rendering the protein nonfunctional. Readthrough therapies can manage the mutation by binding the premature stop codon in the rRNA, which inserts amino acids into the code and changes the early stop into a missense mutation [90]. More of the dystrophin protein is made during protein synthesis and is more functional. These therapies could potentially help around 10% of DMD patients [43]. Ataluren is a read-through medication that has failed to reach FDA approval; however, it was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2014 under the name Translarna® [91]. Despite poor initial results, the manufacturer remains confident about the potential benefit of the drug and ataluren is once again in a phase 2 trial that is currently ongoing with an estimated completion date of December 2022 (ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT04336826) [92].
Effects of 27 natural products on drug metabolism genes in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) cell line
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Zhenyue Wang, Yongtao Liu, Xiaohui Ai, Liqiao Zhong, Gang Han, Jinlong Song, Qiuhong Yang, Jing Dong
Total RNA was isolated using the TRIzol reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The concentration and quality of RNA was assessed using a Nanodrop lite spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The purity of each sample was between 1.85 and 2.00 at A260/A280 nm ratio. cDNA was prepared from 1 µg total RNA by the PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara, Japan). Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed using the AceQ qPCR SYBR® Green Master Mix (Vazyme Nanjing, China) and analyzed on an ABI 7500 System (Applied Biosystems 7500, USA). Changes in mRNA expression were analyzed by the 2-ΔΔCt method (Livak & Schmittgen, 2000). The qRT-PCR procedures were as follows: initial denaturation for 5 min at 95 °C, then 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, and 60 °C for 1 min. On the basis of a previous study (Li et al., 2012), 18S rRNA was selected as the reference gene. And the qRT-PCR primers are shown in Table 2.