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A Review on L-Asparaginase
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Marine microbes have extremely supreme power forr human health, welfare and environment. In the regulation of Earth’s climate, microbes play a vital role by their abundance and diversity. They help in the production and release of carbon products particularly CO2 and CH4. The multifaceted quality of marine microorganisms providesthe essential requirements of our society. They ensure oxygen, food, and the fitness of the marine environment. They also provide for a maximum unique source of genomic information and biomolecules that can be used in medical and industrial applications. Thus, the employment of marine microorganisms in the production of antibiotics, antitumor compounds and enzymes and the role of bioremediation has unlocked a new episode for the profit of humankind (Roychowdhury et al., 2018).
Emerging Nanotechnology-Enabled Approaches to Mitigate COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Maria Shoukat, Samiullah Khan, Arshad Islam, Maleeha Azam, Malik Badshah
Biorecognition elements or biomolecules are employed in biosensors to detect the target, depending upon type of assay used. These biomolecules can be enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, or aptamers (Nadzirah et al. 2020). The role of nanoparticles to employ techniques and commonly used biomolecules for diagnosis and detection is summarised below.
Lipidomic Insight into Membrane Remodeling in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Lipids are biomolecules varying in the structure of their head groups, the nature and number of carbon–carbon bonds (single or double C=C bonds) in lipophilic fatty acids chains, and all ligands. Lipids are involved in many metabolic pathways and are responsible for energy storage. Different classes and derivatives, including fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, prenols, saccharolipids, and polyketides are presented in Figure 7.2 [15,16].
Approaches to expand the conventional toolbox for discovery and selection of antibodies with drug-like physicochemical properties
Published in mAbs, 2023
Hristo L. Svilenov, Paolo Arosio, Tim Menzen, Peter Tessier, Pietro Sormanni
The definitions and classification of drug-like properties of antibodies are still developing. For example, polyreactivity and polyspecificity were historically used as synonyms. However, Cunningham et al. proposed that polyreactivity describes the general non-specific stickiness of antibodies, while polyspecificity refers to off-target specific interactions with a discrete number of biomolecules different from the main target.37 Although both phenomena are related to non-specific binding and could affect the pharmacokinetic properties of the mAbs, polyreactivity can be tested in vitro with general reagents (e.g., cell lysates, nucleic acids), while polyspecificity is more difficult to investigate since not every possible off-target in the human body can be included in in vitro screening assays.37 Readers interested in the non-specific binding of antibodies can read a recent review focusing on the molecular origins of this phenomenon.38
Application of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in drug delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Mohadeseh Barzin, Amir Mohammad Bagheri, Mandana Ohadi, Amir Masoud Abhaji, Soodeh Salarpour, Gholamreza Dehghannoudeh
Proteins are macro-biomolecules composed of amino acid residues and perform a wide variety of functions, including DNA replication, stimuli responding, transferring molecules, and catalyzing metabolic reactions (Whitford 2013; Fuxreiter and Vendruscolo 2021). Suharta et al. (2021) revealed that PELNs have a low concentration of protein; Further, most proteins in PELNs are cytosolic proteins, including proteases, actin, and membrane proteins that act as transporters within the membrane. However, determining a complete protein profile inside PELNs is challenging due to various sets of protein databases in different plants (Suharta et al. 2021; Woith et al. 2021). For instance, Ju et al. (2013) identified 580 proteins of lemon-derived exosomes. On the other hand, compared to exosomes extracted from animal cells, PELNs have lower protein content. Somehow, mammalian-derived exosomes contain more than 1000 proteins, whereas plant exosomes derived from ginger have only 28 proteins (Raimondo et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2016; Salek et al. 2020; Suharta et al. 2021). Moreover, it should be noted that proteins are assumed to play a critical role in interspecies recognition within the plant and mammalian cells (Song et al. 2020; Nemati et al. 2022). For example, lectin proteins, which have a high specific affinity for saccharides and are abundantly found in some plant-derived exosomes such as garlic and mushrooms, are supposed to be the primary interspecies communication mediators between these exosomes and mammalian cells (Song et al. 2020).
Development of QSAR models for in silico screening of antibody solubility
Published in mAbs, 2022
Xuan Han, James Shih, Yuhao Lin, Qing Chai, Steven M. Cramer
The aim of this study was to develop in silico screening tools of mAb solubility. Using a QSAR modeling approach, regression, and classification models were developed to provide quantitative or qualitative projections of mAb solubilities, and our top models have the potential to be used for screening mAb relative solubility at early discovery. Finally, interpretation of the models was carried out to provide mechanistic insights into the mAb solubility behavior and our results indicated that isotype and Fab charge-based descriptors were important, particularly for the IgG1 mAbs. While this work was successful in generating QSAR regression and classification models for a given set of conditions (normalized solubility data based on a PEG precipitation assay for a given set of mAbs), it would be difficult to extend these particular models to data outside of this set due to the effect of differences in: 1) the biomolecules, 2) the buffer conditions, and 3) the particular biophysical techniques used as a surrogate for solubility. To further improve model performance and applicability to a wider set of molecules and conditions, future work will focus on constantly updating the model as more experimental data becomes available with a wider range of mAbs. In addition, we will extend these efforts to alternative formulation conditions (buffers, pHs, additives) and also develop models for other important biophysical properties related to developability.