China
Africa
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Applied exercise physiology and health
Published in Nick Draper, Helen Marshall, Exercise Physiology, 2014
Eccentric muscular contractions, as occur with downhill running (e.g. fell running), or resulting from weight training where a relatively heavy load is taken through a full range of motion (as with lifts such as bench press or squats), are particularly associated with the occurrence of DOMS. In addition to eccentric muscular contractions, DOMS is also associated with an increase in training volume and intensity. This could include situations such as returning to training after a break or the commencement of a new training programme, such as resistance or sprint training. As an example, an athlete who has just completed the first session of a new sprint training programme will experience acute muscle soreness (normally associated with exercise) which will dissipate within 1–2 hours after training. After an asymptomatic period, however, the effects of DOMS will appear 24–48 hours after the sprint session.
Evaluation of selected cardiopulmonary and perceived exertion responses to four infant carrying methods utilised by African Mothers
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2019
Chidiebele Petronilla Ojukwu, Chinelo Jennifer Okafor, Sylvester Caesar Chukwu, Emelie Moris Anekwu, Adaora Justina Okemuo
The present study reported that there was a significant difference in the RPE responses of women across the back, front, side and in-arms ICMs. The women rated the in-arms ICM as the most exerting of the four ICMs followed by the side, front and back ICMs, in that order. This finding corroborates Mbada et al. (2017) which revealed that young women perceived the hip/side ICM as the most exerting, followed by the front and back ICMs. The in-arms and side ICMs which were perceived as the most exerting in both studies are modes of asymmetrical trunk loading and did not involve the use of infant carrying devices in the present study. In most African settings, these two ICMs are adopted without any supporting device. The absences of supporting devices whilst utilising both ICMs suggest the reason for the increased perceptual responses, as reported by the participants. Wall-Scheffler et al. (2007) posited that “the burden of carrying an infant in one’s arms is on average 16% greater than having a tool to support the baby’s mass and seems to have the potential to be a greater energetic burden even than lactation.” Additionally, these asymmetrical ICMs without external supports excluded arm swing during locomotion as one of the upper limbs was used to support the infant dummy on the woman’s body. The absence of arm swing in both side and in-arms ICMs may have attributed to an increased force needed for efficient locomotion (Meyns et al. 2013), with resultant perception of increased exertion. An important observation that was made in the past that participants reported of physical discomfort and symptoms of acute muscle soreness in the ipsilateral upper limb that was used to support the infant over the left shoulder and on the left hip during the in-arms and side ICMs respectively. Additionally, during the front ICMs, the women complained of shoulder discomfort arising from the tactile pressure of the infant carrier shoulder straps. This report coincides with Holewijn (1990) which stated that even with relatively low loads, what produces discomfort and thus limits carrying time was pressure on the skin of the shoulder from the type of support used for the load carriage.